The conservatism of the early Engli

The conservatism of the early English colonists in North America, their strong
attachment to the English way of doing things, would play a major part in the furniture
that was made in New England. The very tools that the first New England furniture
makers used were, after all, not much different from those used for centuries – even
millennia: basic hammers, saws, chisels, planes, augers, compasses, and measures.
These were the tools used more or less by all people who worked with wood:
carpenters, barrel makers, and shipwrights. At most the furniture makers might have
had planes with special edges or more delicate chisels, but there could not have been
much specialization in the early years of the colonies.
The furniture makers in those early decades of the 1600’s were known as “joiners,”
for the primary method of constructing furniture, at least among the English of this
time, was that of mortise-and-tenon joinery. The mortise is the hole chiseled and cut
into one piece of wood, while the tenon is the tongue or protruding element shaped
from another piece of wood so that it fits into the mortise; and another small hole is
then drilled (with the auger) through the mortised end and the tenon so that a whittled
peg can secure the joint – thus the term “joiner.” Panels were fitted into slots on the
basic frames. This kind of construction was used for making everything from houses to
chests.
Relatively little hardware was used during this period. Some nails – forged by
hand – were used, but no screws or glue. Hinges were often made of leather, but metal
hinges were also used. The cruder varieties were made by blacksmiths in the colonies,
but the finer metal elements were imported. Locks and escutcheon plates – the latter to
shield the wood from the metal key – would often be imported.
Above all, what the early English colonists imported was their knowledge of,
familiarity with, and dedication to the traditional types and designs of furniture they
knew in England.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Konservatisme kolonis di Amerika Utara, mereka kuatlampiran ke Inggris cara dalam melakukan sesuatu, akan memainkan peranan utama dalam furnitureyang dibuat di New England. Sangat alat yang pertama New England furniturepembuat yang digunakan adalah, setelah semua, tidak banyak berbeda dari yang digunakan selama berabad-abad-bahkanMilenium: dasar palu, gergaji, pahat, pesawat, augers, Kompas, dan langkah-langkah.Ini adalah alat yang digunakan lebih atau kurang oleh semua orang yang bekerja dengan kayu:tukang kayu, pembuat barel, dan shipwrights. Paling pembuat furnitur mungkin memilikimemiliki pesawat dengan khusus pinggiran atau pahat yang lebih halus, tetapi ada tidak mungkinbanyak spesialisasi dalam tahun-tahun awal koloni-koloni.Pembuat furnitur di puluhan 1600-awal yang dikenal sebagai "Joiner"untuk metode utama membangun perabot, setidaknya Inggris iniwaktu, adalah bengkel tukang kayu mortise dan tenon. Mortise adalah lubang dipahat dan memotongmenjadi satu bagian dari kayu, sementara tenon adalah lidah atau menonjol elemen berbentukdari sepotong kayu sehingga itu cocok dengan mortise; dan lubang kecil yang lainkemudian dibor (dengan auger) melalui akhir mortised dan tenon jadi yang whittledpasak dapat mengamankan sendi-jadi istilah "joiner." Panel yang dipasang ke dalam slot padadasar frame. Pembangunan semacam ini digunakan untuk membuat segala sesuatu dari rumah-rumahdada.Relatif sedikit keras digunakan selama periode ini. Beberapa paku-ditempa olehtangan-yang digunakan, tetapi tidak ada sekrup atau lem. Engsel sering terbuat dari kulit, tetapi logamengsel juga digunakan. Varietas cruder dibuat oleh blacksmiths di koloni,tetapi elemen logam halus yang diimpor. Kunci dan escutcheon piring-yang terakhir untukmelindungi kayu dari kunci logam-sering akan diimpor.Di atas semua, apa kolonis diimpor adalah pengetahuan merekaKeakraban dengan, dan dedikasi untuk jenis tradisional dan desain mebel merekatahu di Inggris.