2.1 IntroductionIn this section, it is assumed that a small transverse terjemahan - 2.1 IntroductionIn this section, it is assumed that a small transverse Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

2.1 IntroductionIn this section, it

2.1 Introduction
In this section, it is assumed that a small transverse load is placed on a concrete beam with tensile reinforcing and that the load is gradually increased in magnitude until the beam fails. As this takes place, the beam will go through three distinct stages before collapse occurs. These are: (1) the uncracked concrete stage, (2) the concrete cracked–elastic stresses stage, and (3) the ultimate-strength stage. A relatively long beam is considered for this discussion so that shear will not have a large effect on its behavior.
Uncracked Concrete Stage At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus of rupture (the bending tensile stress at which the concrete begins to crack), the entire cross section of the beam resists bending, with compression on one side and tension on the other. Figure 2.1 shows the variation of stresses and strains for these small loads; a numerical example of this type is presented in Section 2.2. Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to develop in the bottom of the beam. The moment at which these cracks begin to form—that is, when the tensile stress in the bottom of the beam equals the modulus of rupture—is referred to as the cracking moment, Mcr. As the load is further increased, these cracks quickly spread up to the vicinity of the neutral axis, and then the neutral axis begins to move upward. The cracks occur at those places along the beam where the actual moment is greater than the cracking moment, as shown in Figure 2.2(a). Now that the bottom has cracked, another stage is present because the concrete in the cracked zone obviously cannot resist tensile stresses—the steel must do it. This stage will
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2.1 IntroductionIn this section, it is assumed that a small transverse load is placed on a concrete beam with tensile reinforcing and that the load is gradually increased in magnitude until the beam fails. As this takes place, the beam will go through three distinct stages before collapse occurs. These are: (1) the uncracked concrete stage, (2) the concrete cracked–elastic stresses stage, and (3) the ultimate-strength stage. A relatively long beam is considered for this discussion so that shear will not have a large effect on its behavior.Uncracked Concrete Stage At small loads when the tensile stresses are less than the modulus of rupture (the bending tensile stress at which the concrete begins to crack), the entire cross section of the beam resists bending, with compression on one side and tension on the other. Figure 2.1 shows the variation of stresses and strains for these small loads; a numerical example of this type is presented in Section 2.2. Concrete Cracked–Elastic Stresses Stage As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the concrete is exceeded, cracks begin to develop in the bottom of the beam. The moment at which these cracks begin to form—that is, when the tensile stress in the bottom of the beam equals the modulus of rupture—is referred to as the cracking moment, Mcr. As the load is further increased, these cracks quickly spread up to the vicinity of the neutral axis, and then the neutral axis begins to move upward. The cracks occur at those places along the beam where the actual moment is greater than the cracking moment, as shown in Figure 2.2(a). Now that the bottom has cracked, another stage is present because the concrete in the cracked zone obviously cannot resist tensile stresses—the steel must do it. This stage will
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2.1 Pendahuluan
Pada bagian ini, diasumsikan bahwa beban melintang kecil ditempatkan pada balok beton dengan tarik memperkuat dan bahwa beban secara bertahap meningkat dalam besarnya sampai balok gagal. Karena ini terjadi, balok akan melalui tiga tahap yang berbeda sebelum keruntuhan terjadi. Ini adalah: (1) tahap uncracked beton, (2) tegangan beton retak-elastis panggung, dan (3) tahap akhir-kekuatan. Sebuah sinar yang relatif lama dianggap untuk diskusi ini sehingga geser yang tidak akan memiliki dampak yang besar pada perilakunya.
Uncracked Tahap Beton Pada beban kecil ketika tegangan tarik kurang dari modulus rupture (tegangan tarik lentur di mana beton mulai retak), seluruh penampang balok menolak lentur, dengan kompresi di satu sisi dan ketegangan di sisi lain. Gambar 2.1 menunjukkan variasi ketegangan dan tekanan untuk ini beban kecil; contoh numerik jenis ini disajikan dalam Bagian 2.2. Beton Cracked-elastis Menekankan Tahap Sebagai beban meningkat setelah modulus rupture beton terlampaui, retak mulai mengembangkan di bawah balok. Saat di mana retakan ini mulai terbentuk-yaitu, ketika tegangan tarik di bagian bawah balok sama dengan modulus pecah-disebut sebagai momen retak, Mcr. Sebagai beban meningkat lebih lanjut, retakan ini dengan cepat menyebar hingga sekitar sumbu netral, dan kemudian sumbu netral mulai bergerak ke atas. Celah-celah terjadi pada tempat-tempat di sepanjang balok di mana saat aktual lebih besar dari momen retak, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 2.2 (a). Sekarang bagian bawah telah retak, tahap lain hadir karena beton di zona retak jelas tidak bisa menahan tekanan-tarik baja harus melakukannya. Tahap ini akan
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