XII. The Resolution of RevolutionsThe textbooks we have just been disc terjemahan - XII. The Resolution of RevolutionsThe textbooks we have just been disc Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

XII. The Resolution of RevolutionsT

XII. The Resolution of Revolutions

The textbooks we have just been discussing are produced only in the aftermath of a scientific revolution. They are the bases for a new tradition of normal science. In taking up the question of their structure we have clearly missed a step. What is the process by which a new candidate for paradigm replaces its predecessor? Any new interpretation of nature, whether a discovery or a theory, emerges first in the mind of one or a few individuals. It is they who first learn to see science and the world differently, and their ability to make the transition is facilitated by two circumstances that are not common to most other members of their profession. Invariably their attention has been intensely concentrated upon the crisis-provoking problems; usually, in addition, they are men so young or so new to the crisis-ridden field that practice has committed them less deeply than most of their contemporaries to the world view and rules determined by the old paradigm. How are they able, what must they do, to convert the entire profession or the relevant professional subgroup to their way of seeing science and the world? What causes the group to abandon one tradition of normal research in favor of another?

To see the urgency of those questions, remember that they are the only reconstructions the historian can supply for the philosopher's inquiry about the testing, verification, or falsification of established scientific theories. In so far as he is engaged in normal science, the research worker is a solver of puzzles, not a tester of paradigms. Though he may, during the search for a particular puzzle's solution, try out a number of alternative approaches, rejecting those that fail to yield the desired result, he is not testing the paradigm when he does so. Instead he is like the chess player who, with a problem stated and the board physically or mentally before him, tries out various alternative moves in the search for a solution. These trial attempts, whether by the chess player or by the scientist, arc


144

0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
XII. The Resolution of RevolutionsThe textbooks we have just been discussing are produced only in the aftermath of a scientific revolution. They are the bases for a new tradition of normal science. In taking up the question of their structure we have clearly missed a step. What is the process by which a new candidate for paradigm replaces its predecessor? Any new interpretation of nature, whether a discovery or a theory, emerges first in the mind of one or a few individuals. It is they who first learn to see science and the world differently, and their ability to make the transition is facilitated by two circumstances that are not common to most other members of their profession. Invariably their attention has been intensely concentrated upon the crisis-provoking problems; usually, in addition, they are men so young or so new to the crisis-ridden field that practice has committed them less deeply than most of their contemporaries to the world view and rules determined by the old paradigm. How are they able, what must they do, to convert the entire profession or the relevant professional subgroup to their way of seeing science and the world? What causes the group to abandon one tradition of normal research in favor of another?To see the urgency of those questions, remember that they are the only reconstructions the historian can supply for the philosopher's inquiry about the testing, verification, or falsification of established scientific theories. In so far as he is engaged in normal science, the research worker is a solver of puzzles, not a tester of paradigms. Though he may, during the search for a particular puzzle's solution, try out a number of alternative approaches, rejecting those that fail to yield the desired result, he is not testing the paradigm when he does so. Instead he is like the chess player who, with a problem stated and the board physically or mentally before him, tries out various alternative moves in the search for a solution. These trial attempts, whether by the chess player or by the scientist, arc 144
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
XII. Resolusi dari Revolutions

Buku teks yang baru saja kita telah membahas diproduksi hanya dalam setelah terjadinya revolusi ilmiah. Mereka adalah dasar untuk tradisi baru ilmu pengetahuan normal. Dalam mengambil pertanyaan dari struktur mereka kita telah jelas kehilangan langkah. Apa proses dimana calon baru untuk paradigma menggantikan pendahulunya? Interpretasi baru dari alam, apakah penemuan atau teori, muncul pertama dalam pikiran satu atau beberapa individu. Ini adalah mereka yang pertama kali belajar untuk melihat ilmu pengetahuan dan dunia secara berbeda, dan kemampuan mereka untuk membuat transisi difasilitasi oleh dua keadaan yang tidak umum bagi sebagian besar anggota lain dari profesi mereka. Selalu perhatian mereka telah intens terkonsentrasi pada masalah krisis memprovokasi; biasanya, di samping itu, mereka adalah orang-orang begitu muda atau lebih baru untuk bidang krisis-sarat praktik yang telah dilakukan mereka kurang mendalam daripada kebanyakan sezaman mereka untuk pandangan dunia dan aturan ditentukan oleh paradigma lama. Bagaimana mereka bisa, apa yang harus mereka lakukan, untuk mengubah seluruh profesi atau subkelompok profesional yang relevan dengan cara mereka melihat ilmu pengetahuan dan dunia? Apa yang menyebabkan kelompok untuk meninggalkan salah satu tradisi penelitian normal dalam mendukung yang lain?

Untuk melihat urgensi pertanyaan-pertanyaan, ingat bahwa mereka adalah satu-satunya rekonstruksi sejarawan dapat menyediakan untuk penyelidikan filsuf tentang pengujian, verifikasi, atau pemalsuan didirikan teori-teori ilmiah. Sejauh ia terlibat dalam ilmu normal, pekerja penelitian adalah pemecah teka-teki, bukan tester paradigma. Meskipun ia dapat, selama mencari solusi puzzle tertentu, mencoba sejumlah pendekatan alternatif, menolak mereka yang gagal untuk menghasilkan hasil yang diinginkan, ia tidak menguji paradigma ketika ia melakukannya. Sebaliknya dia seperti pemain catur yang, dengan masalah yang dinyatakan dan papan secara fisik atau mental depannya, mencoba berbagai langkah alternatif dalam mencari solusi. Trial upaya ini, apakah oleh pemain catur atau oleh ilmuwan, busur


144

Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.

Copyright ©2025 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: