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Assessing meaning in life on an international scale: Psychometric evidence for the meaning in life questionnaire-short form among Chilean households
Michael F. Steger · Emma Samman
Abstract: Several research projects have endeavored to articulate parsimonious and comprehensive accounts of wellbeing. A set of core concepts is seen to be emerging, including the psychological wellbeing module of the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative’s international research on poverty. One of the core components of wellbeing according to this initiative and others is meaning in life. The present study focuses on a psychometric evaluation of a short measure of meaning in life to be used in international measurement of wellbeing, using data from a nationally-representative sample of households in Chile (N = 1,997). The factor structure of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire-Short Form (MLQ-SF) was confirmed, and shown to be invariant across gender and age. The items of the MLQ-SF formed a factor that was distinct from the items of other wellbeing measures that were assessed (psychological needs, life satisfaction, and domain satisfaction). Scores on the MLQ-SF were reliable in this sample, and correlated in the expected directions with other wellbeing indicators. We conclude that the MLQ-SF shows distinct promise as a measure of a core component of wellbeing—meaning in life—in international research.
Keywords: meaning in life; wellbeing; psychological needs; life satisfaction; Chile
1. Introduction
In the broadest sense, the term ‘wellbeing’ refers to people’s optimal functioning and experience. However, defining wellbeing more precisely continues to stimulate extensive debate. Within psychology, the disease model has dominated, viewing wellbeing as the absence of illness rather than as the presence of any particular qualities (Ryff & Singer, 1998; Ryan & Deci, 2001). More recently, attention has shifted toward gaining a better idea of the characteristics that delineate positive functioning.
Psychologists have adapted two philosophical traditions to develop ideas about what constitutes wellbeing (Ryff & Singer, 1998; Ryan & Deci, 2001). The first tradition, known variously as the hedonic or subjective view, purports that wellbeing consists of subjective perceptions of happiness and the experience of pleasure (Diener, 2000). In psychological terms, hedonic wellbeing ‚may be expected to be felt whenever pleasant affect accompanies the satisfaction of needs, whether physically, intellectually, or socially based‛ (Waterman, 1993, p.2). The second tradition, known as the eudaimonic or psychological view, places greater emphasis on the cultivation of personal potential, virtue, and meaningful living (Ransome, 2010; Ryan & Deci, 2001; Ryff & Singer, 1998; Waterman, 1993). This eudaimonic tradition enlists concepts such as autonomy, personal growth, self-acceptance, life purpose, competence
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Assessing meaning in life on an international scale: Psychometric evidence for the meaning in life questionnaire-short form among Chilean householdsMichael F. Steger · Emma SammanAbstract: Several research projects have endeavored to articulate parsimonious and comprehensive accounts of wellbeing. A set of core concepts is seen to be emerging, including the psychological wellbeing module of the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative’s international research on poverty. One of the core components of wellbeing according to this initiative and others is meaning in life. The present study focuses on a psychometric evaluation of a short measure of meaning in life to be used in international measurement of wellbeing, using data from a nationally-representative sample of households in Chile (N = 1,997). The factor structure of the Meaning in Life Questionnaire-Short Form (MLQ-SF) was confirmed, and shown to be invariant across gender and age. The items of the MLQ-SF formed a factor that was distinct from the items of other wellbeing measures that were assessed (psychological needs, life satisfaction, and domain satisfaction). Scores on the MLQ-SF were reliable in this sample, and correlated in the expected directions with other wellbeing indicators. We conclude that the MLQ-SF shows distinct promise as a measure of a core component of wellbeing—meaning in life—in international research.Keywords: meaning in life; wellbeing; psychological needs; life satisfaction; Chile1. IntroductionIn the broadest sense, the term ‘wellbeing’ refers to people’s optimal functioning and experience. However, defining wellbeing more precisely continues to stimulate extensive debate. Within psychology, the disease model has dominated, viewing wellbeing as the absence of illness rather than as the presence of any particular qualities (Ryff & Singer, 1998; Ryan & Deci, 2001). More recently, attention has shifted toward gaining a better idea of the characteristics that delineate positive functioning.Psychologists have adapted two philosophical traditions to develop ideas about what constitutes wellbeing (Ryff & Singer, 1998; Ryan & Deci, 2001). The first tradition, known variously as the hedonic or subjective view, purports that wellbeing consists of subjective perceptions of happiness and the experience of pleasure (Diener, 2000). In psychological terms, hedonic wellbeing ‚may be expected to be felt whenever pleasant affect accompanies the satisfaction of needs, whether physically, intellectually, or socially based‛ (Waterman, 1993, p.2). The second tradition, known as the eudaimonic or psychological view, places greater emphasis on the cultivation of personal potential, virtue, and meaningful living (Ransome, 2010; Ryan & Deci, 2001; Ryff & Singer, 1998; Waterman, 1993). This eudaimonic tradition enlists concepts such as autonomy, personal growth, self-acceptance, life purpose, competence
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Menilai makna hidup pada skala internasional: bukti Psikometri untuk makna dalam bentuk kuesioner pendek kehidupan antara rumah tangga Chili
Michael F. Steger · Emma Samman
Abstrak: Beberapa proyek penelitian telah berusaha untuk mengartikulasikan account pelit dan komprehensif kesejahteraan. Satu set konsep inti terlihat akan muncul, termasuk modul kesejahteraan psikologis penelitian internasional Oxford Kemiskinan dan Pembangunan Manusia Initiative pada kemiskinan. Salah satu komponen inti dari kesejahteraan sesuai dengan inisiatif ini dan orang lain yang berarti dalam hidup. Penelitian ini berfokus pada evaluasi psikometrik dari ukuran singkat makna dalam kehidupan yang akan digunakan dalam pengukuran internasional kesejahteraan, menggunakan data dari sampel nasional mewakili rumah tangga di Chile (N = 1.997). Struktur faktor Arti Hidup Formulir Kuesioner Pendek (MLQ-SF) telah dikonfirmasi, dan terbukti invarian di jenis kelamin dan usia. Item dari MLQ-SF membentuk faktor yang berbeda dari item tindakan lainnya kesejahteraan yang dinilai (kebutuhan psikologis, kepuasan hidup, dan kepuasan domain). Skor pada MLQ-SF yang handal dalam sampel ini, dan berkorelasi dalam arah yang diharapkan dengan indikator kesejahteraan lainnya. Kami menyimpulkan bahwa MLQ-SF menunjukkan janji yang berbeda sebagai ukuran komponen inti dari kesejahteraan-makna hidup-dalam penelitian internasional.
Kata kunci: makna dalam hidup; kesejahteraan; kebutuhan psikologis; kepuasan hidup; Chili
1. Pendahuluan
Dalam arti luas, 'kesejahteraan' yang merujuk pada fungsi optimal rakyat dan pengalaman. Namun, mendefinisikan kesejahteraan lebih tepatnya terus merangsang perdebatan luas. Dalam psikologi, model penyakit telah mendominasi, melihat kesejahteraan sebagai tidak adanya penyakit bukan sebagai kehadiran setiap kualitas tertentu (Ryff & Singer, 1998; Ryan & Deci, 2001). Baru-baru ini, perhatian telah bergeser ke arah mendapatkan ide yang lebih baik dari karakteristik yang menggambarkan fungsi positif.
Psikolog telah beradaptasi dua tradisi filsafat untuk mengembangkan ide-ide tentang apa yang merupakan kesejahteraan (Ryff & Singer, 1998; Ryan & Deci, 2001). Tradisi pertama, dikenal berbagai sebagai pandangan hedonis atau subjektif, dimaksudkan bahwa kesejahteraan terdiri dari persepsi subjektif dari kebahagiaan dan pengalaman kesenangan (Diener, 2000). Dalam istilah psikologi, kesejahteraan hedonis, dapat diharapkan akan merasa setiap kali menyenangkan mempengaruhi menyertai kepuasan kebutuhan, apakah berdasarkan fisik, intelektual, sosial atau '(Waterman, 1993, p.2). Tradisi kedua, dikenal sebagai pandangan eudaimonic atau psikologis, menempatkan penekanan lebih besar pada budidaya potensi pribadi, kebajikan, dan hidup bermakna (Ransome, 2010; Ryan & Deci, 2001; Ryff & Singer, 1998; Waterman, 1993). Tradisi eudaimonic ini enlists konsep-konsep seperti otonomi, pertumbuhan pribadi, penerimaan diri, tujuan hidup, kompetensi
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