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In broad terms, an Islamic banking system is essentially an equity-based system in which depositors are treated as if they were shareholders of the bank. Consequently, depositors are not guaranteed the nominal value, or a predetermined rate of return, on their deposits. If the bank makes profits then the shareholder (depositor) would be entitled to receive a certain proportion of these profits. On the other hand, if the bank incurs losses the depositor is expected to share in these as well, and receive a negative rate of return. Thus, from the depositor's perspective an Islamic commercial bank is in most respects identical to a mutual fund or investment trust, Further more, to remain consistent with Islamic law, the bank cannot charge interest in its lending operations, but has to use special modes of investment and financing that are also based on the concept of profit and loss sharing.The implementation of an equity-based financial system in which any type of fixed rate of return on transactions is excluded raises a number of complex issues. First, it is necessary to develop alternative financial instruments that do not have a fixed nominal value and bear a redetermined rate of interest. There are in fact a number of such alternatives proposed by Islamic scholars that satisfy such requirements. Second, there is the question of how monetary policy would be expected to operate in an interest-free economy. This is, of course, an issue of immediate relevance for the policy makers in Islamic countries. Obviously, instruments of monetary policy that rely in any way on the rate of interest would be removed from the arsenal of the authorities, and suitable substitutes would have to be found if monetary policy is to continue to play a role in Islamic economies.
Much of the literature on Islamic banking has focused on the creation and development of financial instruments that are regarded as permissible under Islamic law(3), The conduct of monetary policy in an Islamic economy has also been addressed recently in a number of papers(4). The studies on monetary policy contain, in varying detail, descriptions of the instruments that the authorities could employ to change the quantity and rates of return on financial claims in the economy. Even though the use of the discount rate and open market operations with interest-bearing securities are precluded, there are a number of policy instruments available for controlling domestic liquidity. These include, for example, changes in reserve requirements, overall and selective controls on credit flows, changes in the monetary base through management of currency issue, and moral suasion. Furthermore, as pointed out by Akram Khan (1982) and Siddiqi (1982), open market operations could still be conducted with securities that do not bear a fixed rate of return. The monetary authorities also have the possibility of directly changing the rates of return on both deposits and loans by altering the ratios in which the banks and the public are expected to share in the profits and losses that are associated with the transactions, i.e., the profit-sharing ratios. However, this is still a somewhat controversial issue as there are certain scholars who believe it would be inappropriate for the central bank to unilaterally change a contractually-determined ratio. At the same time, other writers have argued in favor of regulating profit sharing ratios to achieve the goal of monetary stability, provided such actions affect only new deposits and not existing ones(5).
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