There are a variety of modern defin

There are a variety of modern definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect evolving views of the subject or different views among economists.[13] Scottish philosopher Adam Smith (1776) defined what was then called political economy as "an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations", in particular as:
a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator [with the twofold objectives of providing] a plentiful revenue or subsistence for the people ... [and] to supply the state or commonwealth with a revenue for the publick services.[14]
J.-B. Say (1803), distinguishing the subject from its public-policy uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.[15] On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle (1849) coined "the dismal science" as an epithet for classical economics, in this context, commonly linked to the pessimistic analysis of Malthus (1798).[16] John Stuart Mill (1844) defines the subject in a social context as:
The science which traces the laws of such of the phenomena of society as arise from the combined operations of mankind for the production of wealth, in so far as those phenomena are not modified by the pursuit of any other object.[17]
Alfred Marshall provides a still widely cited definition in his textbook Principles of Economics (1890) that extends analysis beyond wealth and from the societal to the microeconomic level:
Economics is a study of man in the ordinary business of life. It enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man.[18]
Lionel Robbins (1932) developed implications of what has been termed "[p]erhaps the most commonly accepted current definition of the subject":[19]
Economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.[20]

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Ada berbagai modern definisi ekonomi. Beberapa perbedaan dapat mencerminkan berkembang pemandangan subjek atau berbeda antara ekonom. [13] Skotlandia filsuf Adam Smith (1776) didefinisikan yang kemudian disebut ekonomi politik sebagai "penyelidikan sifat dan penyebab kesejahteraan bangsa-bangsa", khususnya sebagai:cabang ilmu negarawan atau legislator [dengan tujuan twofold menyediakan] pendapatan berlimpah atau subsisten untuk orang-orang... [dan] untuk memasok negara atau Persemakmuran dengan pendapatan publick layanan. [14]J. B. mengatakan (1803), membedakan subjek dari penggunaannya kebijakan publik, menganggapnya sebagai ilmu produksi, distribusi, dan konsumsi kekayaan. [15] pada sisi menyindir, Thomas Carlyle (1849) diciptakan "ilmu yang suram" sebagai julukan untuk ekonomi klasik, dalam konteks ini, sering dikaitkan dengan analisis pesimis Malthus (1798). [16] John Stuart Mill (1844) mendefinisikan subjek dalam konteks sosial sebagai:Ilmu yang menelusuri hukum seperti fenomena masyarakat seperti yang timbul dari operasi gabungan manusia untuk produksi kekayaan, sejauh fenomena tersebut tidak diubah oleh mengejar objek lain. [17]Alfred Marshall memberikan definisi yang masih banyak dikutip dalam buku prinsip-prinsip ekonomi (1890) yang meluas analisis melampaui kekayaan dan dari masyarakat ke tingkat ekonomi mikro:Economics is a study of man in the ordinary business of life. It enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man.[18]Lionel Robbins (1932) developed implications of what has been termed "[p]erhaps the most commonly accepted current definition of the subject":[19]Economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.[20]