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In accordance with the relational paradigm, in an ongoing brand relationship it is not only theseller, which is supposed to talk to the customer, and the customer is supposed to listen.According to the relational paradigm, both partners in the brand relationship communicatewith each other through four distinctive brand messages: (i) planned messages; (ii) servicemessages; (iii) product messages, and (iv) unplanned messages (Duncan and Moriarty 1997;Grönroos 2000a, 2000b).The four sources of brand messages provide communication-based brand contact pointsbetween a buyer and a seller (Grönroos 2000b, 266-267; Heinonen and Strandvik 2005, 186-187; Lindberg-Repo and Grönroos 2004, 231-232). The various types of brand messages aredeveloping in a continuous process, and in the minds of customers their effects are probablyaccumulating. The absence of communication also sends distinct messages and thereforecontributes to the total communication process (Grönroos 2004, 105-106). In the servicecontext, the customer has an active role, and the customer thus becomes a co-producer ofvalue that takes place through these brand contact points (Lindberg-Repo and Grönroos 2004,231).Furthermore, in accordance with the relational paradigm, a dialogue can develop between aservice provider and a customer in the context of services, and this ongoing dialogue can leadto the development of a common knowledge base. A dialogue can be understood as aninteractive process of reasoning together in which there is a willingness on the part of bothpartners to listen and communicate in achieving a common goal (Christopher, Payne andBallantyne 2002, 222-223). In a dialogue there are no senders or receivers—rather, there areparticipants in the dialogic process (Grönroos 2004, 107). Such a dialogue enables more thanthe mere maintenance of a relationship; rather, it facilitates relationship enhancement—one ofthe most important goals of relationship marketing (Lindberg-Repo and Grönroos 2004, 231).
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