the amount of (good or marketable) output producible from a given amou terjemahan - the amount of (good or marketable) output producible from a given amou Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

the amount of (good or marketable)

the amount of (good or marketable) output producible from a given amount of inputs (productivity), the deviation of output produced from that implied by “best practice” production (technical efficiency), or the input/resource use required to produce a given amount of output (cost effectiveness). Because such measures are based on evaluating marketed outputs and inputs, this raises questions about whether conventional productivity/performance estimates are biased from not recognizing environmental or other social externalities, and how economic performance might be affected by reducing such externalities.
For public policy makers, clarifying such relationships helps to identify the resource costs of CSR, or “market failures” with respect to CSR (Siegel, 2001). Such information in turn provides guidance on optimal levels of “social responsibility” regulation. For managers, information on such relationships is useful because it helps to inform resource allocation decisions regarding CSR activities. That is, empirical evidence on the magnitude of the tradeoff between cost or productivity and CSR facilitates determining the amount of CSR expenditure that is economically justifiable.
Our objective in this special issue is to explore this economic perspective to CSR, and thus address some of these gaps in the literature on CSR. After identifying some of the leading contributors to the literature on environmental externalities and economic performance, we solicited manuscripts on the economics of CSR and held a workshop in Nottingham, England, jointly sponsored by the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility (ICCSR) at the University of Nottingham. Among the authors and discussants at the workshop were scholars from several academic disciplines (economics, political science, accounting, finance, and management), including many international contributors and junior scholars.

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the amount of (good or marketable) output producible from a given amount of inputs (productivity), the deviation of output produced from that implied by “best practice” production (technical efficiency), or the input/resource use required to produce a given amount of output (cost effectiveness). Because such measures are based on evaluating marketed outputs and inputs, this raises questions about whether conventional productivity/performance estimates are biased from not recognizing environmental or other social externalities, and how economic performance might be affected by reducing such externalities.For public policy makers, clarifying such relationships helps to identify the resource costs of CSR, or “market failures” with respect to CSR (Siegel, 2001). Such information in turn provides guidance on optimal levels of “social responsibility” regulation. For managers, information on such relationships is useful because it helps to inform resource allocation decisions regarding CSR activities. That is, empirical evidence on the magnitude of the tradeoff between cost or productivity and CSR facilitates determining the amount of CSR expenditure that is economically justifiable.Our objective in this special issue is to explore this economic perspective to CSR, and thus address some of these gaps in the literature on CSR. After identifying some of the leading contributors to the literature on environmental externalities and economic performance, we solicited manuscripts on the economics of CSR and held a workshop in Nottingham, England, jointly sponsored by the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and the International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility (ICCSR) at the University of Nottingham. Among the authors and discussants at the workshop were scholars from several academic disciplines (economics, political science, accounting, finance, and management), including many international contributors and junior scholars.5
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jumlah output (baik atau berharga) producible dari jumlah yang diberikan input (produktivitas), deviasi output yang dihasilkan dari yang tersirat oleh "praktek terbaik" produksi (efisiensi teknis), atau penggunaan input / sumber daya yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan diberikan jumlah output (efektivitas biaya). Karena tindakan tersebut didasarkan pada evaluasi output dipasarkan dan masukan, ini menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang apakah perkiraan produktivitas / kinerja konvensional bias dari tidak mengakui eksternalitas sosial lingkungan atau lainnya, dan kinerja bagaimana ekonomi mungkin akan terpengaruh dengan mengurangi eksternalitas tersebut.
Untuk pembuat kebijakan publik, memperjelas hubungan tersebut membantu untuk mengidentifikasi biaya sumber daya dari CSR, atau "kegagalan pasar" sehubungan dengan CSR (Siegel, 2001). Informasi tersebut pada gilirannya memberikan bimbingan pada tingkat optimal "tanggung jawab sosial" regulasi. Bagi manajer, informasi tentang hubungan tersebut berguna karena membantu untuk menginformasikan keputusan alokasi sumber daya mengenai kegiatan CSR. Artinya, bukti empiris pada besarnya tradeoff antara biaya atau produktivitas dan CSR memfasilitasi menentukan jumlah pengeluaran CSR yang dibenarkan secara ekonomi.
Tujuan kami dalam edisi khusus ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi perspektif ekonomi ini untuk CSR, dan dengan demikian mengatasi beberapa ini kesenjangan dalam literatur tentang CSR. Setelah mengidentifikasi beberapa kontributor terkemuka untuk literatur tentang eksternalitas lingkungan dan kinerja ekonomi, kita diminta naskah pada ekonomi CSR dan mengadakan lokakarya di Nottingham, Inggris, bersama-sama disponsori oleh Fakultas Humaniora dan Ilmu Sosial di Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute dan Pusat Internasional untuk Corporate Social Responsibility (ICCSR) di University of Nottingham. Di antara para penulis dan peserta diskusi pada lokakarya itu ulama dari beberapa disiplin ilmu (ekonomi, ilmu politik, akuntansi, keuangan, dan manajemen), termasuk banyak kontributor internasional dan ulama junior. 5

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