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Promoting reflection and critical t

Promoting reflection and critical thinking
One message from practice is that, too often, supervision may be dominated by
management processes and task completion, and not enough time is given to reflection
and critical thinking. The opportunity to promote high quality services through promoting
reflection as a means of increasing the understanding of the worker and supporting
practice development may therefore be lost.
Skilled use of reflection and critical thinking within supervision will enable a focus on the
quality of practice and may at times alert the supervisor to situations where the work of
the supervisee is unlikely to promote the best outcome for the service user.
An important element in reflective supervision is enabling staff to question their practice,
critically analyse and evaluate experiences, and debrief after challenging or stressful
encounters. This will lead to a better understanding of the cognitive and emotional
elements of practice.
Scottish Social Services Council
Time to stop and reflect has been reported as a missing element of day-to-day practice
for many members of staff working in social care. Reflection on feelings engendered by
the work, including consideration of assumptions or biases that may be driving practice,
is an important element of supervision. Alongside this, an evaluation of the strengths
and weaknesses of particular courses of action, and how the worker might have acted
differently for the greater benefit of the person who uses services, is an essential
learning tool facilitating appraisal and continuous improvement. Supervision which
encourages reflection and critical thinking will increase the potential for including
comments from people who use services within supervisory discussions.
One supervision model that has been used extensively to promote reflection and critical
thinking is the supervision cycle.[1] This cycle is based on the adult learning cycle [24]
and can be used for either discussions relating to work with people who use services or
discussions focusing on more general issues relating to the supervisee’s work – for
example, issues about the work of the team as a whole. The advantage of the cycle is
that it integrates all four functions of supervision – i.e. management, support,
development and mediation. The cycle prompts the supervisor to work collaboratively
with the supervisee through the following four stages.
• Experience – working with the supervisee to understand what is happening in
their current practice. Where this relates directly to work with people who use
services it is an opportunity to make sure that their perspective is introduced
into the discussion.
• Reflection – engaging with the supervisee to explore their feelings, reactions
and intuitive responses. This is an opportunity to discuss any anxieties and
acknowledge situations where stress may be impacting on their work. Where
the discussion relates to specific work with people who use services it is an
opportunity to explore any assumptions and biases that might be driving
practice. This can be an important element of working with diversity and
promoting anti-oppressive practice.
• Analysis – helping the supervisee to consider the meaning of the current
situation and use their knowledge of similar situations to inform their thinking.
At this point alternative explanations may be explored and, where the needs of
a service user are being discussed, this is an opportunity to consider the
relevance of research and practice knowledge. This in turn may be useful in
identifying any learning and development needs for the supervisee.
• Action planning – working with the supervisee to identify where they wish to
get to and how they are going to get there. Action will automatically result in a
need to re-engage with the experience of carrying out identified plans.
When using the supervision cycle in practice:
• do not feel that each stage of the cycle must rigidly follow the last – there will
be many times when the conversation moves back and forth between the
stages
• do try and use mainly open questions in order to facilitate discussion and
explore the supervisee’s perspective
• do resist the ‘short circuit’ which moves directly from experience to action and
does not engage at all with reflection and analysis
• do practise using the cycle in both formal situations and in ad hoc supervisory
conversations.
For more information on the cycle and questions that can be used in supervision see
Morrison’s book ‘Staff supervision in social care’. [1]
Managing performance and challenging practice
The practice evidence suggests that supervisees value supervisors who can address
difficult issues in an open and honest way rather than focusing on blame and criticism.
Challenging practice and creating an environment where it is possible to learn from
mistakes are essential elements in any supervisory relationship.
What knowledge, skills and values might a supervisor need in order to be able to tackle
performance issues in a positive way? Here are some examples:
• self-awareness – recognising their own impact on others
• a positive expectations approach – i.e. starting from the basis that staff
generally want to do a good job
• knowledge of the factors that might affect performance, including where the
supervisor may be a contributory factor
• an understanding of the factors affecting motivation to change
• skills in listening, giving constructive feedback and motivating others.
The use of authority will be fundamental to the process. Hughes and Pengelly [25] refer
to authority within supervision as having three aspects:
• role authority
• personal authority
• professional authority.
All three are important in establishing an effective relationship which promotes
development and allows constructive challenges. Supervisees who feel secure with
their supervisor and respect their integrity are most likely to be honest about their
learning needs and able to learn from both successes and mistakes. Supervisors who
feel confident in their own knowledge, skill base and professional authority are also
more likely to facilitate discussions which challenge and stretch their supervisees.
Additionally, the capacity of supervisors to feel confident enough in their role to admit
the limits of their knowledge, including when to secure additional input for the
supervisee, is crucial. This may be through arranging a one-off consultation or
additional clinical supervision, particularly if the supervisor and supervisee are from
different professional backgrounds.
Achieving a balance is also likely to prevent the misuse of authority or an overemphasis
on task completion, which may occur where role authority is emphasised at the expense
of personal or professional authority.
You may wish to ask yourself how, if your supervisees had 100 points to allocate across
the three types of authority, they would distribute them in reference to your own
supervisory style. If the balance is towards role authority you may wish to consider
whether this is resulting in a style of supervision which is focused on tasks and
performance management at the expense of professional expertise and the positive use
of the relationship to reflect on practice.
Managing performance where there are concerns about practice can be one of the most
challenging aspects of supervision. Managing performance within supervision does not
exist in isolation. Morrison [1] has identified that, in order to be effective, supervisors
need:
• a performance management framework
• written agreements
• opportunities to observe practice and record quality of performance
• a good knowledge of the individual worker
• time and energy to supervise
• managerial and human resources advice
• emotional support.
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Promoting reflection and critical thinkingOne message from practice is that, too often, supervision may be dominated bymanagement processes and task completion, and not enough time is given to reflectionand critical thinking. The opportunity to promote high quality services through promotingreflection as a means of increasing the understanding of the worker and supportingpractice development may therefore be lost.Skilled use of reflection and critical thinking within supervision will enable a focus on thequality of practice and may at times alert the supervisor to situations where the work ofthe supervisee is unlikely to promote the best outcome for the service user.An important element in reflective supervision is enabling staff to question their practice,critically analyse and evaluate experiences, and debrief after challenging or stressfulencounters. This will lead to a better understanding of the cognitive and emotionalelements of practice.Scottish Social Services CouncilTime to stop and reflect has been reported as a missing element of day-to-day practicefor many members of staff working in social care. Reflection on feelings engendered bythe work, including consideration of assumptions or biases that may be driving practice,is an important element of supervision. Alongside this, an evaluation of the strengthsand weaknesses of particular courses of action, and how the worker might have acteddifferently for the greater benefit of the person who uses services, is an essentiallearning tool facilitating appraisal and continuous improvement. Supervision whichencourages reflection and critical thinking will increase the potential for includingcomments from people who use services within supervisory discussions.One supervision model that has been used extensively to promote reflection and criticalthinking is the supervision cycle.[1] This cycle is based on the adult learning cycle [24]and can be used for either discussions relating to work with people who use services ordiscussions focusing on more general issues relating to the supervisee’s work – forexample, issues about the work of the team as a whole. The advantage of the cycle isthat it integrates all four functions of supervision – i.e. management, support,development and mediation. The cycle prompts the supervisor to work collaborativelywith the supervisee through the following four stages.• Experience – working with the supervisee to understand what is happening intheir current practice. Where this relates directly to work with people who useservices it is an opportunity to make sure that their perspective is introducedinto the discussion.• Reflection – engaging with the supervisee to explore their feelings, reactionsand intuitive responses. This is an opportunity to discuss any anxieties andacknowledge situations where stress may be impacting on their work. Wherethe discussion relates to specific work with people who use services it is anopportunity to explore any assumptions and biases that might be drivingpractice. This can be an important element of working with diversity andpromoting anti-oppressive practice.• Analysis – helping the supervisee to consider the meaning of the currentsituation and use their knowledge of similar situations to inform their thinking.At this point alternative explanations may be explored and, where the needs ofa service user are being discussed, this is an opportunity to consider therelevance of research and practice knowledge. This in turn may be useful inidentifying any learning and development needs for the supervisee.• Action planning – working with the supervisee to identify where they wish toget to and how they are going to get there. Action will automatically result in aneed to re-engage with the experience of carrying out identified plans.When using the supervision cycle in practice:• do not feel that each stage of the cycle must rigidly follow the last – there willbe many times when the conversation moves back and forth between thestages• do try and use mainly open questions in order to facilitate discussion andexplore the supervisee’s perspective• do resist the ‘short circuit’ which moves directly from experience to action anddoes not engage at all with reflection and analysis• do practise using the cycle in both formal situations and in ad hoc supervisoryconversations.For more information on the cycle and questions that can be used in supervision seeMorrison’s book ‘Staff supervision in social care’. [1]Managing performance and challenging practiceThe practice evidence suggests that supervisees value supervisors who can addressdifficult issues in an open and honest way rather than focusing on blame and criticism.Challenging practice and creating an environment where it is possible to learn frommistakes are essential elements in any supervisory relationship.What knowledge, skills and values might a supervisor need in order to be able to tackleperformance issues in a positive way? Here are some examples:• self-awareness – recognising their own impact on others• a positive expectations approach – i.e. starting from the basis that staffgenerally want to do a good job• knowledge of the factors that might affect performance, including where thesupervisor may be a contributory factor• an understanding of the factors affecting motivation to change• skills in listening, giving constructive feedback and motivating others.The use of authority will be fundamental to the process. Hughes and Pengelly [25] referto authority within supervision as having three aspects:• role authority• personal authority• professional authority.All three are important in establishing an effective relationship which promotesdevelopment and allows constructive challenges. Supervisees who feel secure withtheir supervisor and respect their integrity are most likely to be honest about theirlearning needs and able to learn from both successes and mistakes. Supervisors whofeel confident in their own knowledge, skill base and professional authority are alsomore likely to facilitate discussions which challenge and stretch their supervisees.Additionally, the capacity of supervisors to feel confident enough in their role to admitthe limits of their knowledge, including when to secure additional input for thesupervisee, is crucial. This may be through arranging a one-off consultation oradditional clinical supervision, particularly if the supervisor and supervisee are fromdifferent professional backgrounds.Achieving a balance is also likely to prevent the misuse of authority or an overemphasison task completion, which may occur where role authority is emphasised at the expenseof personal or professional authority.You may wish to ask yourself how, if your supervisees had 100 points to allocate acrossthe three types of authority, they would distribute them in reference to your ownsupervisory style. If the balance is towards role authority you may wish to considerwhether this is resulting in a style of supervision which is focused on tasks andperformance management at the expense of professional expertise and the positive useof the relationship to reflect on practice.Managing performance where there are concerns about practice can be one of the mostchallenging aspects of supervision. Managing performance within supervision does notexist in isolation. Morrison [1] has identified that, in order to be effective, supervisorsneed:• a performance management framework• written agreements• opportunities to observe practice and record quality of performance• a good knowledge of the individual worker• time and energy to supervise• managerial and human resources advice• emotional support.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Mempromosikan refleksi dan berpikir kritis
Satu pesan dari praktek adalah bahwa, terlalu sering, pengawasan dapat didominasi oleh
proses manajemen dan penyelesaian tugas, dan tidak cukup waktu diberikan untuk refleksi
dan pemikiran kritis. Kesempatan untuk mempromosikan layanan berkualitas tinggi melalui mempromosikan
refleksi sebagai sarana meningkatkan pemahaman pekerja dan mendukung
pengembangan praktek mungkin karena itu akan hilang.
Penggunaan terampil dari refleksi dan pemikiran kritis dalam pengawasan akan memungkinkan fokus pada
kualitas latihan dan mungkin di kali mengingatkan pengawas untuk situasi di mana pekerjaan
supervisee tidak mungkin untuk mempromosikan hasil terbaik bagi pengguna jasa.
Sebuah elemen penting dalam pengawasan reflektif memungkinkan staf untuk mempertanyakan praktek mereka,
kritis menganalisis dan mengevaluasi pengalaman, dan berdiskusi setelah menantang atau stres
pertemuan. Hal ini akan menyebabkan pemahaman yang lebih baik dari kognitif dan emosional
elemen praktek.
Skotlandia Sosial Council
Waktu untuk berhenti dan mencerminkan telah dilaporkan sebagai elemen yang hilang dari praktek sehari-hari
bagi banyak anggota staf yang bekerja dalam perawatan sosial. Refleksi pada perasaan yang ditimbulkan oleh
pekerjaan, termasuk pertimbangan asumsi atau bias yang mungkin mengemudi praktik,
merupakan elemen penting dari pengawasan. Sementara itu, evaluasi kekuatan
dan kelemahan dari program tertentu tindakan, dan bagaimana pekerja mungkin telah bertindak
secara berbeda untuk kepentingan yang lebih besar dari orang yang menggunakan layanan, adalah penting
alat pembelajaran memfasilitasi penilaian dan perbaikan terus-menerus. Pengawasan yang
mendorong refleksi dan pemikiran kritis akan meningkatkan potensi termasuk
komentar dari orang-orang yang menggunakan jasa diskusi pengawasan.
Salah satu model pengawasan yang telah digunakan secara luas untuk mempromosikan refleksi dan kritis
berpikir adalah siklus pengawasan. [1] Siklus ini didasarkan pada siklus pembelajaran orang dewasa [24]
dan dapat digunakan baik untuk diskusi terkait untuk bekerja dengan orang-orang yang menggunakan jasa atau
diskusi berfokus pada isu-isu yang lebih umum yang berkaitan dengan pekerjaan supervisee ini - untuk
contoh, masalah tentang pekerjaan tim secara keseluruhan. Keuntungan dari siklus adalah
bahwa hal itu mengintegrasikan semua empat fungsi pengawasan - yaitu manajemen, dukungan,
pengembangan dan mediasi. Siklus meminta pengawas untuk bekerja sama
dengan supervisee melalui empat tahap berikut.
• Pengalaman - bekerja dengan supervisee untuk memahami apa yang terjadi di
praktek mereka saat ini. Mana ini berhubungan langsung bekerja dengan orang-orang yang menggunakan
layanan ini adalah kesempatan untuk memastikan bahwa perspektif mereka diperkenalkan
ke dalam diskusi.
• Refleksi - terlibat dengan supervisee untuk mengeksplorasi perasaan mereka, reaksi
dan tanggapan intuitif. Ini adalah kesempatan untuk mendiskusikan kecemasan dan
mengakui situasi di mana stres dapat berdampak pada pekerjaan mereka. Di mana
diskusi berkaitan dengan pekerjaan tertentu dengan orang-orang yang menggunakan layanan ini merupakan
kesempatan untuk menjelajahi setiap asumsi dan bias yang mungkin mengemudi
praktek. Ini bisa menjadi elemen penting dari bekerja dengan keragaman dan
mempromosikan praktek anti-menindas.
• Analisis - membantu supervisee untuk mempertimbangkan arti dari saat ini
situasi dan menggunakan pengetahuan mereka tentang situasi yang sama untuk menginformasikan pemikiran mereka.
Pada titik ini penjelasan alternatif mungkin dieksplorasi dan, di mana kebutuhan
pengguna jasa yang sedang dibahas, ini adalah kesempatan untuk mempertimbangkan
relevansi penelitian dan praktik pengetahuan. Hal ini pada gilirannya dapat berguna dalam
mengidentifikasi setiap pembelajaran dan pengembangan kebutuhan supervisee tersebut.
• perencanaan Action - bekerja dengan supervisee untuk mengidentifikasi di mana mereka ingin
mendapatkan dan bagaimana mereka akan ke sana. Aksi akan secara otomatis menghasilkan
kebutuhan untuk kembali terlibat dengan pengalaman melaksanakan rencana diidentifikasi.
Bila menggunakan siklus pengawasan dalam praktek:
• tidak merasa bahwa setiap tahap siklus harus kaku mengikuti terakhir - akan
menjadi berkali-kali ketika percakapan bergerak bolak-balik antara
tahap
• mencoba dan menggunakan pertanyaan terutama terbuka untuk memfasilitasi diskusi dan
mengeksplorasi perspektif supervisee ini
• jangan menolak 'hubungan pendek' yang bergerak langsung dari pengalaman untuk bertindak dan
tidak terlibat sama sekali dengan refleksi dan analisis
• melakukan praktik menggunakan siklus di kedua situasi formal dan di pengawasan ad hoc
percakapan.
Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang siklus dan pertanyaan yang dapat digunakan dalam pengawasan melihat
Morrison buku 'Staf pengawasan dalam perawatan sosial'. [1]
Mengelola kinerja dan praktek menantang
Bukti praktek menunjukkan bahwa nilai supervisees supervisor yang dapat mengatasi
masalah yang sulit dengan cara yang terbuka dan jujur ​​daripada berfokus pada menyalahkan dan kritik.
Praktek Menantang dan menciptakan lingkungan di mana dimungkinkan untuk belajar dari
kesalahan yang elemen penting dalam setiap hubungan pengawasan.
Apa pengetahuan, keterampilan dan nilai-nilai mungkin supervisor butuhkan untuk dapat mengatasi
masalah kinerja dengan cara yang positif? Berikut adalah beberapa contoh:
• kesadaran diri - mengenali dampak sendiri pada orang lain
• pendekatan harapan positif - yaitu mulai dari dasar bahwa staf
umumnya ingin melakukan pekerjaan yang baik
• pengetahuan tentang faktor-faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kinerja, termasuk di mana
pengawas dapat menjadi faktor penyumbang
• pemahaman tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi untuk mengubah
• keterampilan dalam mendengarkan, memberikan umpan balik yang konstruktif dan memotivasi orang lain.
Penggunaan otoritas akan menjadi dasar untuk proses. Hughes dan Pengelly [25] merujuk
ke otoritas dalam pengawasan sebagai memiliki tiga aspek:
• otoritas peran
• otoritas
pribadi. • otoritas profesional
Ketiganya adalah penting dalam membangun hubungan yang efektif yang mempromosikan
pengembangan dan memungkinkan tantangan yang konstruktif. Supervisees yang merasa aman dengan
atasan mereka dan menghormati integritas mereka yang paling mungkin untuk jujur ​​tentang mereka
kebutuhan belajar dan mampu belajar dari keberhasilan dan kesalahan. Supervisor yang
merasa percaya diri dalam pengetahuan sendiri, dasar keterampilan mereka dan otoritas profesional juga
lebih mungkin untuk memfasilitasi diskusi yang menantang dan meregangkan supervisees mereka.
Selain itu, kapasitas pengawas merasa cukup percaya diri dalam peran mereka mengakui
batas-batas pengetahuan mereka, termasuk ketika untuk mengamankan masukan tambahan untuk
supervisee, sangat penting. Ini mungkin melalui mengatur satu-off konsultasi atau
supervisi klinis tambahan, terutama jika pengawas dan supervisee berasal dari
latar belakang profesional yang berbeda.
Mencapai keseimbangan juga kemungkinan untuk mencegah penyalahgunaan wewenang atau penekanan yang berlebihan
pada penyelesaian tugas, yang dapat terjadi di mana otoritas peran ditekankan dengan mengorbankan
otoritas pribadi atau profesional.
Anda mungkin ingin bertanya pada diri sendiri bagaimana, jika disupervisi Anda memiliki 100 poin untuk mengalokasikan seluruh
tiga jenis otoritas, mereka akan mendistribusikannya dalam referensi untuk Anda sendiri
gaya pengawasan. Jika keseimbangan ini terhadap otoritas peran Anda mungkin ingin mempertimbangkan
apakah ini menghasilkan gaya pengawasan yang difokuskan pada tugas dan
manajemen kinerja dengan mengorbankan keahlian profesional dan penggunaan positif
dari hubungan untuk merefleksikan praktek.
Mengelola kinerja mana ada kekhawatiran tentang praktek dapat menjadi salah satu yang paling
aspek menantang pengawasan. Mengelola kinerja dalam pengawasan tidak
ada dalam isolasi. Morrison [1] telah mengidentifikasi bahwa, agar efektif, pengawas
perlu:
• kerangka kerja manajemen kinerja
• perjanjian tertulis
• peluang untuk mengamati praktek dan catatan kualitas kinerja
• pengetahuan yang baik dari individu pekerja
• waktu dan energi untuk mengawasi
• manajerial dan SDM saran
• dukungan emosional.
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