1. IntroductionWith the development of high-speed and heavy-load railw terjemahan - 1. IntroductionWith the development of high-speed and heavy-load railw Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1. IntroductionWith the development

1. Introduction

With the development of high-speed and heavy-load railway, much higher requirements are put forward for the comprehensive properties of steel rails [1]. Since fracture accidents of steel rail threaten the safety of railway transportations directly, more and more attention is paid to the quality of rail steel. The fatigue fracture is the main failure form of steel rail. Despite substantial advantages in design, materials and non-destructive inspection, fatigue propagation in and failure of railway components remains an important issue for safety engineering which is also emphasized by a number of accidents over the last decades [2,3]. At the background of an increased volume of traffic, higher traffic speeds and higher axle loads, reliable damage tolerance design and effective maintenance methods have to be established. Therefore, failure analysis of the steel rail is very critical.
In addition to the fatigue load, rails are also subjected to other high mechanical loads and harsh environmental conditions. The main loading components are rolling contact pressure, shear and bending forces from the vehicle weight, thermal stresses due to restrained elongation of continuously welded rails and residual stresses from manufacturing (roller straightening) and welding in the field (Fig. 1) [2]. Welding is indispensable in the railway rail. Today, the most common rail
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1. Pendahuluan

dengan pembangunan kereta api berkecepatan tinggi dan beban berat, lebih tinggi persyaratan diajukan untuk properti komprehensif baja rel [1]. Sejak kecelakaan fraktur baja rel mengancam keselamatan transportasi kereta api langsung, lebih dan lebih perhatian dibayar untuk rel baja berkualitas. Fraktur kelelahan adalah bentuk utama kegagalan rel baja. Meskipun keuntungan substansial dalam desain, bahan dan inspeksi non-destruktif, propagasi kelelahan di dan kegagalan komponen kereta api masih merupakan masalah penting bagi teknik keselamatan yang juga ditekankan oleh sejumlah kecelakaan dalam dasawarsa terakhir [2,3]. Latar belakang meningkatnya volume traffic, traffic kecepatan yang lebih tinggi dan lebih tinggi poros beban, kerusakan yang dapat diandalkan toleransi disain dan metode efektif perawatan harus didirikan. Oleh karena itu, analisis kegagalan dari rel baja sangat kritis.
Selain beban kelelahan, rel juga terkena beban mekanik yang tinggi dan kondisi lingkungan yang keras lainnya. Komponen utama pemuatan bergulir tekanan kontak, geser dan membungkuk pasukan dari kendaraan berat, termal menekankan karena untuk menahan elongasi terus dilas rel dan menekankan sisa dari manufaktur (roller meluruskan) dan welding di dari bidang (Fig. 1) [2]. Pengelasan sangat diperlukan di rel kereta api. Hari ini, yang paling umum rel
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1. Introduction

With the development of high-speed and heavy-load railway, much higher requirements are put forward for the comprehensive properties of steel rails [1]. Since fracture accidents of steel rail threaten the safety of railway transportations directly, more and more attention is paid to the quality of rail steel. The fatigue fracture is the main failure form of steel rail. Despite substantial advantages in design, materials and non-destructive inspection, fatigue propagation in and failure of railway components remains an important issue for safety engineering which is also emphasized by a number of accidents over the last decades [2,3]. At the background of an increased volume of traffic, higher traffic speeds and higher axle loads, reliable damage tolerance design and effective maintenance methods have to be established. Therefore, failure analysis of the steel rail is very critical.
In addition to the fatigue load, rails are also subjected to other high mechanical loads and harsh environmental conditions. The main loading components are rolling contact pressure, shear and bending forces from the vehicle weight, thermal stresses due to restrained elongation of continuously welded rails and residual stresses from manufacturing (roller straightening) and welding in the field (Fig. 1) [2]. Welding is indispensable in the railway rail. Today, the most common rail
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