FUNCTIONAL FIXATION IN PSYCHOLOGY D

FUNCTIONAL FIXATION IN PSYCHOLOGY
Duncker [1945] popularized the hypothesis that an individual's prior use of an object in a function dissimilar to that required by a present problem would serve to inhibit the discovery of an appropriate new use for the object. To illustrate, a stick that has previously been used by an individual as a ruler, that is, as a measuring tool, is unlikely to be considered a tool for other purposes; the individual may become fixated on only one function of that object. Duncker tested the functional fixation hypothesis with several common objects, for example, boxes, pliers, weights, and paper clips. His experimental results supported the hypothesis. Subsequently, other psychologists have refined and replicated Duncker's experiments and performed other related experiments.
Examples are the box experiment and the two-string experiment. In the box experiment (see Adamson [1952]), subjects were given the task of attaching three small candles to a screen, at a height of about five feet, using to accomplish this task any of a large number of objects which were lying before each subject on a table. Among the objects were those needed for solution of the problem—three pasteboard boxes, five matches, and five thumbtacks. The solution was to mount one candle on each box by melting wax on the box, sticking the candle to the box, and then tacking the boxes to the screen. Thus, the boxes were to be used as platforms on which to attach candles, an atypical function for a box.
The experiment compared the performance of two groups of subjects. For the experimental or "preutilization" group, the candles, matches, and tacks were placed inside the three boxes before they were given to the subjects. "Hence, the boxes had for their initial function that of containing, whereas in their solution function they had to be used as supports or platforms" (Adamson [1952, p. 288]). The control group was
given the problem without preutilization; that is, empty boxes were placed on the table along with the other solution objects.
The results of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis that the control group would outperform the experimental group in terms of both niimber of solutions and time required to reach solutions, indicating that tbe subjects in the experimental group were functionally fixated on using boxes as containers rather than as platforms.
In the two-string experiment (see Adamson and Taylor [1954]), subjects were required to tie together the free ends of two strings which were hanging from the ceiling. Tbe strings were placed so far apart that the subject could not simply hold one string and reach the other. The problem could be solved only by tying a weight to one string, swinging it like a pendulum, £ind catching the swinging string while holding the
stationary one. The two strings could then be tied together.
Subjects were given a variety of solution objects, but only two—an electrical switch and an electrical relay—were sufficiently heavy to serve as weights. Half the subjects had undergone preutilization training using the switeh to complete an electric circuit, while the other half had undergone similar training using the relay, "^rhe results of the experiment supported the hypothesis that subjects who had undergone preutilization with switches would generally use relays as pendulum weights and those who had undergone preutilization with relays would be more inclined to use switches as weights. The subjects were fixated on the prior fimction of the preutilization objects.^
The box and two-string experiments, as well as the other experiments reported in the psychology literature, have three characteristics in common: (1) the experiments were time-series oriented; that is, they concerned the behavior of subjects trying to discover a new function for an object after having undergone preutilization training; (2) behavior of individuals was investigated; and (3) the experiments concerned finding
new funetioris for common, everyday objects. Extrapolations of the functional fixation hsTwthesis to accounting have gone beyond the rudimentary beginniiSLgs of functional fixation in the psychology literature.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

FIKSASI FUNGSIONAL DALAM PSIKOLOGI Duncker [1945] mempopulerkan hipotesis bahwa individu sebelumnya penggunaan objek dalam fungsi yang berbeda yang dibutuhkan oleh masalah sekarang akan melayani untuk menghambat penemuan penggunaan baru yang tepat untuk objek. Untuk mengilustrasikan, tongkat yang sebelumnya telah digunakan oleh seorang individu sebagai penguasa, yaitu sebagai alat mengukur, tidak mungkin untuk dianggap sebagai alat untuk keperluan lain; individu menjadi terpaku pada satu fungsi yang objek. Duncker menguji hipotesis fiksasi fungsional dengan beberapa objek yang umum, misalnya, kotak, Tang, beban, dan klip kertas. Hasil percobaan didukung hipotesis. Selanjutnya, psikolog lainnya telah halus dan direplikasi Duncker's percobaan dan dilakukan eksperimen lain terkait. Contoh adalah kotak eksperimen dan percobaan dua senar. Pada kotak percobaan (Lihat Adamson [1952]), subjek diberi tugas melampirkan tiga lilin-lilin kecil ke layar, pada ketinggian sekitar lima kaki, menggunakan untuk menyelesaikan tugas ini salah satu dari sejumlah besar benda-benda yang berbohong sebelum setiap mata pelajaran di atas meja. Di antara benda-benda yang mereka dibutuhkan untuk pemecahan masalah — tiga kotak karton, lima pertandingan dan lima thumbtacks. Solusinya adalah untuk me-mount satu lilin pada setiap kotak lilin mencair pada kotak, lilin menempel kotak, dan kemudian memaku kotak ke layar. Dengan demikian, kotak-kotak itu untuk digunakan sebagai platform untuk melampirkan lilin, fungsi atipikal untuk kotak. The experiment compared the performance of two groups of subjects. For the experimental or "preutilization" group, the candles, matches, and tacks were placed inside the three boxes before they were given to the subjects. "Hence, the boxes had for their initial function that of containing, whereas in their solution function they had to be used as supports or platforms" (Adamson [1952, p. 288]). The control group wasgiven the problem without preutilization; that is, empty boxes were placed on the table along with the other solution objects. The results of the experiment confirmed the hypothesis that the control group would outperform the experimental group in terms of both niimber of solutions and time required to reach solutions, indicating that tbe subjects in the experimental group were functionally fixated on using boxes as containers rather than as platforms. In the two-string experiment (see Adamson and Taylor [1954]), subjects were required to tie together the free ends of two strings which were hanging from the ceiling. Tbe strings were placed so far apart that the subject could not simply hold one string and reach the other. The problem could be solved only by tying a weight to one string, swinging it like a pendulum, £ind catching the swinging string while holding thestationary one. The two strings could then be tied together. Pelajaran diberikan berbagai benda solusi, tetapi hanya dua — saklar listrik dan listrik relay — cukup berat untuk melayani sebagai beban. Setengah subyek telah menjalani pelatihan preutilization menggunakan switeh untuk menyelesaikan sebuah sirkuit listrik, sementara separuh lainnya telah menjalani pelatihan serupa yang menggunakan relay, "^ rhe hasil percobaan didukung hipotesis bahwa subyek yang telah mengalami preutilization dengan switch umumnya akan menggunakan relay sebagai beban bandul dan orang-orang yang sudah mengalami preutilization dengan Relay akan lebih cenderung untuk menggunakan switch sebagai beban. Mata pelajaran yang terpaku pada fimction sebelumnya objek preutilization. ^ Kotak dan dua-string percobaan, serta eksperimen dilaporkan dalam literatur psikologi, memiliki tiga karakteristik yang sama: (1) percobaan adalah seri-berorientasi; itu adalah, mereka peduli perilaku subjek yang mencoba untuk menemukan sebuah fungsi baru untuk objek setelah preutilization pelatihan; (2) perilaku individu diselidiki; dan (3) percobaan bersangkutan menemukanfunetioris baru untuk umum, sehari-hari benda-benda. Jumlah hsTwthesis fungsional fiksasi akuntansi telah melampaui beginniiSLgs dasar dari fiksasi fungsional dalam literatur psikologi.