jackets, and wearing black pants and shirts together all have their or terjemahan - jackets, and wearing black pants and shirts together all have their or Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

jackets, and wearing black pants an

jackets, and wearing black pants and shirts together all have their origins
as signs of countercultural rebellion from the hippie, ghetto, or
fringe
sexual cultures. But they were incorporated into consumerism
and
have now achieved mainstream respectability.
The term counterculture came into widespread use during the
1960s to describe an emerging subculture based on age (youth),
behaviors (marijuana use, psychedelic drug use, “free” sexual practices),
and political sensibilities (liberal to radical). Gradually,
this subculture
became well-defined in opposition to the official culture, and
membership
required wearing certain androgynous fashions (tie-dyed
shirts,
sandals, bell-bottom blue jeans, “peasant” blouses), bodily
practices
(everyone wearing their hair long), musical preferences, drug
use,
and anti–Vietnam
War
politics. Other countercultures sprang up
in many other countries, and some, like those in the Czech Republic
and Poland, even became the dominant political parties during
periods of radical reform.
Countercultures are not necessarily on the left or the right politically—what
they are is oppositional. In the contemporary United
States,
there are groups such as White Supremacist survivalists as well
as
back-to-the-land hippies on communes: Both represent countercultures
(and, given that they tend to be rural and isolated, they may also
be
neighbors!).
When you have a geographic territory occupied by people who
have the same culture and the same social institutions, you have a society (discussed
more fully in Chapter 3). More or less, there will always be subcultures within the
society with distinctive norms and values, as well as people who slip through the
cracks of the social institutions and hold different values.
Elements of Culture
All cultures share six basic elements: material culture, symbols, language, rituals,
norms, and values.
Material Culture
As we mentioned earlier, material culture consists of both what people make and what
they make it with. Every society must solve basic needs of subsistence: provision of
food, shelter from the elements for both the person and the family (shelter and clothing).
We
organize our societies to enable us to collectively meet these basic subsistence
needs for food, clothing, and shelter.
We
develop different cultures based on the
climate,
the available food supply,
and the geography of our environment.
This much we share with animals. But it’s equally important for human societies
to solve a need that is different from basic subsistence or survival: the basic human
need for meaning. We do the things we do not only because we must do them to survive,
or because we have been routinely trained to do them, but also because we want
to do them, because we believe that what we do is part of a larger scheme of things.
Human beings also create a culture that enables us to attempt to answer the great
unknowable questions of existence: Why are we here? Where are we going? What
happens to us when we die? (As far as we know, we are the only animal species that is
troubled by such questions.
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jackets, and wearing black pants and shirts together all have their originsas signs of countercultural rebellion from the hippie, ghetto, orfringesexual cultures. But they were incorporated into consumerismandhave now achieved mainstream respectability.The term counterculture came into widespread use during the1960s to describe an emerging subculture based on age (youth),behaviors (marijuana use, psychedelic drug use, “free” sexual practices),and political sensibilities (liberal to radical). Gradually,this subculturebecame well-defined in opposition to the official culture, andmembershiprequired wearing certain androgynous fashions (tie-dyedshirts,sandals, bell-bottom blue jeans, “peasant” blouses), bodilypractices(everyone wearing their hair long), musical preferences, druguse,and anti–VietnamWarpolitics. Other countercultures sprang upin many other countries, and some, like those in the Czech Republicand Poland, even became the dominant political parties duringperiods of radical reform.Countercultures are not necessarily on the left or the right politically—whatthey are is oppositional. In the contemporary UnitedStates,there are groups such as White Supremacist survivalists as wellasback-to-the-land hippies on communes: Both represent countercultures(and, given that they tend to be rural and isolated, they may alsobeneighbors!).When you have a geographic territory occupied by people whohave the same culture and the same social institutions, you have a society (discussed
more fully in Chapter 3). More or less, there will always be subcultures within the
society with distinctive norms and values, as well as people who slip through the
cracks of the social institutions and hold different values.
Elements of Culture
All cultures share six basic elements: material culture, symbols, language, rituals,
norms, and values.
Material Culture
As we mentioned earlier, material culture consists of both what people make and what
they make it with. Every society must solve basic needs of subsistence: provision of
food, shelter from the elements for both the person and the family (shelter and clothing).
We
organize our societies to enable us to collectively meet these basic subsistence
needs for food, clothing, and shelter.
We
develop different cultures based on the
climate,
the available food supply,
and the geography of our environment.
This much we share with animals. But it’s equally important for human societies
to solve a need that is different from basic subsistence or survival: the basic human
need for meaning. We do the things we do not only because we must do them to survive,
or because we have been routinely trained to do them, but also because we want
to do them, because we believe that what we do is part of a larger scheme of things.
Human beings also create a culture that enables us to attempt to answer the great
unknowable questions of existence: Why are we here? Where are we going? What
happens to us when we die? (As far as we know, we are the only animal species that is
troubled by such questions.
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jaket, dan celana hitam dan kemeja memakai bersama-sama semua memiliki asal-usul mereka
sebagai tanda pemberontakan countercultural dari hippie, ghetto, atau
pinggiran
budaya seksual. Tapi mereka dimasukkan ke dalam konsumerisme
dan
sekarang telah mencapai kehormatan mainstream.
The tandingan jangka mulai digunakan secara luas selama
tahun 1960-an untuk menggambarkan suatu subkultur yang muncul berdasarkan usia (muda),
perilaku (penggunaan ganja, penggunaan narkoba psikedelik, praktek seksual "bebas") ,
dan kepekaan politik (liberal untuk radikal). Secara bertahap,
subkultur ini
menjadi yang didefinisikan bertentangan dengan budaya resmi, dan
keanggotaan
diperlukan mengenakan busana tertentu androgini (tie-dicelup
shirt,
sandal, celana jeans biru bell-bottom, "petani" blus), tubuh
praktek
(semua orang memakai panjang rambut mereka ), preferensi musik, obat
digunakan,
dan anti-Vietnam
Perang
politik. Countercultures lainnya bermunculan
di banyak negara lain, dan beberapa, seperti di Republik Ceko
dan Polandia, bahkan menjadi partai politik yang dominan selama
periode reformasi radikal.
Countercultures tidak selalu di kiri atau kanan politik-apa
mereka adalah oposisi . Di kontemporer Amerika
Serikat,
ada kelompok-kelompok seperti survivalists Putih Supremasi serta
sebagai
back-to-the-tanah hippies di komune: Kedua mewakili countercultures
(dan, mengingat bahwa mereka cenderung pedesaan dan terpencil, mereka juga dapat
menjadi
tetangga! ).
Bila Anda memiliki wilayah geografis yang diduduki oleh orang-orang yang
memiliki budaya yang sama dan lembaga-lembaga sosial yang sama, Anda memiliki masyarakat (dibahas
lebih lengkap dalam Bab 3). Lebih atau kurang, akan selalu ada subkultur dalam
masyarakat dengan norma-norma yang khas dan nilai-nilai, serta orang-orang yang menyelinap melalui
celah-celah dari lembaga-lembaga sosial dan memegang nilai-nilai yang berbeda.
Unsur Budaya
Semua budaya berbagi enam elemen dasar: budaya material, simbol , bahasa, ritual,
norma, dan nilai-nilai.
Bahan Budaya
Seperti yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya, budaya material terdiri dari kedua apa yang orang membuat dan apa
mereka membuatnya dengan. Setiap masyarakat harus memecahkan kebutuhan dasar subsisten:
penyediaan. Makanan, tempat tinggal dari unsur-unsur untuk kedua orang dan keluarga (tempat tinggal dan pakaian)
Kami
mengatur masyarakat kita untuk memungkinkan kita untuk secara kolektif memenuhi subsisten dasar
kebutuhan untuk makanan, pakaian, dan penampungan.
Kami
mengembangkan budaya yang berbeda berdasarkan pada
iklim,
pasokan makanan yang tersedia,
dan geografi lingkungan kita.
Ini banyak kita berbagi dengan hewan. Tapi itu sama pentingnya bagi masyarakat manusia
untuk memecahkan kebutuhan yang berbeda dari subsisten dasar atau kelangsungan hidup: manusia dasar
kebutuhan untuk makna. Kami melakukan hal-hal yang kita lakukan tidak hanya karena kita harus melakukannya untuk bertahan hidup,
atau karena kita telah secara rutin dilatih untuk melakukannya, tetapi juga karena kami ingin
untuk melakukannya, karena kami percaya bahwa apa yang kita lakukan adalah bagian dari skema yang lebih besar dari . hal
Manusia juga menciptakan budaya yang memungkinkan kita untuk mencoba untuk menjawab besar
pertanyaan diketahui keberadaannya: Mengapa kita di sini? Kemana kita akan pergi? Apa yang
terjadi pada kita ketika kita mati? (Sejauh yang kami tahu, kami adalah satu-satunya spesies hewan yang
terganggu oleh pertanyaan tersebut.
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