The question ”can you pass the salt

The question ”can you pass the salt ?”overtly draws attention to one of the felicity conditions of the act of requestion. It is as if the speaker goes about getting the salt passed to him by carefully ensuring that the necessary preconditions for having his request granted are fulfilled from this example we can state the following appropriate rule about direct and indirect illocutions.

Rule Where the direct illocution of an utterance is deliberately infelicitous ,the indirect illocution is an act to which the hearer’s attention is drawn by mentioning one of its felicity conditions.

The rule is merely a suggestive beginning. It is by no means the whole story. For the rest of this unit, we will investigate in greater detail in possible methods by which speakers recognize the indirect illocutions of utterances for this purpose, it has been found useful to classify all illocutionary acts into different categories, depending on the type of interaction between speaker and hearer that they bring about. Two classes of illocutionary acts that we shall mention are Directives and Commissives.
The Directive act is any illocutionary act which essentially involves the speaker trying to get the hearer to behave in some required way.

Example Ordering and suggesting are directive acts. Apologizing and promising are not.

A commissive act is any illocutionary act which essentially involves the speaker committing himself to behave in some required way.

Example promising and swearing (in one sense) are commissive acts, ordering and thanking are not.

There are other classes of illocution which we do not mention here. Thus thanking and apologizing, for example , do not belong to either of the groups that we have mentioned.
Do not confuse the terms ‘’ direct ‘’ and ‘’ directives’’, which mean quite different kinds of things. The term ‘’ direct’’ denotes how an illocution is carried out, i.e. getting ( directing ) someone to do something. Thus there can be direct directives ( e.g. ‘’ Pass the salt ) and indirect directive ( e .g .” pass the salt !”)and indirect directive (e. g. “can you pass the salt ?”) Naturally there can also both direct and indirect commissives .
Getting other people to do things oneself are two of the most important activities in maintaining the social fabric of our everyday lives .society as we know could not exist without the availability of a range of directive and commissive acts.
Asserting and questioning certain of the felicity conditions of a directive are (more or less polite and more or less reliable) ways of carrying out an indirect directives. we will look at the effects of asserting and questioning the general felicity condition on directives which concerns the hearer’s ability to carry out the requested action.
It must be said that there is something rather odd (perhaps excessively indirect ) about the assertions (though not about the questions) in these cases. we will not try to analyze this difficulty .
So far we have concentrated on indirect commssives . We will now look briefly at indirect commissive, seeing how they also can be achieved by various kinds of assertions and questions.
Asserting or questioning the speaker’s ability to perform some action can give rice to a commissive illocution but only some commissive illocution (e. g. offer ) can be conveyed in this indirect way. Promises, for instance, apparently cannot be so made. Presumably promises, being more solemn and binding then offer, require a more deliberate and explicit means of expression. Acts of volunteering seem of fall between offer and promises in the degree of directness they require.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Pertanyaan "dapat Anda lulus garam?"terang-terangan menarik perhatian ke salah satu kondisi felicity tindakan requestion. Ianya seolah-olah speaker berjalan tentang mendapatkan garam yang melewati kepadanya dengan hati-hati memastikan bahwa prasyarat yang diperlukan untuk memiliki permintaannya diberikan terpenuhi dari contoh ini kita dapat menyatakan sesuai aturan berikut tentang illocutions langsung dan tidak langsung.Aturan mana illocution langsung dari ucapan sengaja infelicitous, illocution tidak langsung merupakan tindakan yang perhatian pendengar diambil dengan menyebutkan salah satu kondisi felicity.Aturan adalah hanya sugestif awal. Ianya tidak berarti seluruh cerita. Untuk sisa unit ini, kami akan menyelidiki secara lebih rinci dalam metode yang mungkin dengan pembicara yang mengenali illocutions langsung dari ucapan-ucapan untuk tujuan ini, telah ditemukan berguna untuk mengelompokkan semua tindakan illocutionary ke dalam kategori yang berbeda, tergantung pada jenis interaksi antara pembicara dan pendengar yang membawa mereka tentang. Dua kelas tindakan illocutionary yang kita harus menyebutkan adalah arahan dan Commissives. Tindakan direktif adalah tindakan illocutionary yang pada dasarnya melibatkan pembicara yang berusaha untuk mendapatkan pendengar untuk berperilaku dalam beberapa cara yang diperlukan.Contoh Pemesanan dan menyarankan adalah direktif tindakan. Meminta maaf dan menjanjikan yang tidak. Act commissive adalah tindakan illocutionary yang pada dasarnya melibatkan speaker sebagai komitmen dirinya sendiri untuk berperilaku dalam beberapa cara yang diperlukan. Example promising and swearing (in one sense) are commissive acts, ordering and thanking are not.There are other classes of illocution which we do not mention here. Thus thanking and apologizing, for example , do not belong to either of the groups that we have mentioned.Do not confuse the terms ‘’ direct ‘’ and ‘’ directives’’, which mean quite different kinds of things. The term ‘’ direct’’ denotes how an illocution is carried out, i.e. getting ( directing ) someone to do something. Thus there can be direct directives ( e.g. ‘’ Pass the salt ) and indirect directive ( e .g .” pass the salt !”)and indirect directive (e. g. “can you pass the salt ?”) Naturally there can also both direct and indirect commissives . Getting other people to do things oneself are two of the most important activities in maintaining the social fabric of our everyday lives .society as we know could not exist without the availability of a range of directive and commissive acts.Asserting and questioning certain of the felicity conditions of a directive are (more or less polite and more or less reliable) ways of carrying out an indirect directives. we will look at the effects of asserting and questioning the general felicity condition on directives which concerns the hearer’s ability to carry out the requested action.It must be said that there is something rather odd (perhaps excessively indirect ) about the assertions (though not about the questions) in these cases. we will not try to analyze this difficulty .Sejauh ini kita telah berkonsentrasi pada tidak langsung commssives. Kita sekarang akan melihat sebentar langsung commissive, melihat bagaimana mereka juga dapat dicapai dengan berbagai macam pernyataan dan pertanyaan. Menegaskan atau mempertanyakan kemampuan pembicara untuk melakukan beberapa tindakan dapat berikan rice ke commissive illocution, tetapi hanya beberapa commissive illocution (e. g. penawaran) dapat disampaikan langsung dengan cara ini. Janji-janji, misalnya, rupanya tidak jadi dilakukan. Agaknya janji, menjadi lebih serius dan mengikat kemudian tawaran, memerlukan sarana ekspresi yang lebih disengaja dan eksplisit. Kisah Relawan tampaknya jatuh antara tawaran dan janji-janji di tingkat keterusterangan yang mereka butuhkan.