10.3.3.2 AnnealingIf the water content is high enough for gelatinizati terjemahan - 10.3.3.2 AnnealingIf the water content is high enough for gelatinizati Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

10.3.3.2 AnnealingIf the water cont

10.3.3.2 Annealing
If the water content is high enough for gelatinization but the temperature is too
low, the conditions might be suitable for annealing (i.e., a process that improves
A
must be below Tmor the crystallites will just melt and above Tgor the system
will be too rigid for anything to happen. In this temperature range, the least
perfect crystallites melt and the molecules crystallize on the other, more nearly
perfect crystals. For starch, this means that the same type of crystallites will be
obtained, but of better quality and perhaps with a higher degree of crystallinity.
If gelatinization then occurs (i.e., see upward movement in Figure 10.2), it will
be apparent that the gelatinization temperature range has moved to higher
temperatures and has become more narrow. [83,106,127–129].
For large barley starch granules, the modal gelatinization temperature was
found to increase from 61 to 74°C after annealing at 50°C for 6 weeks [116].
Such long annealing times are not necessary for an effect. For steeping (i.e.,
when cereal grains are soaked in water to facilitate the extraction of starch),
changes in properties have been observed after 24 to 72 hours [86,87]. When
starch is treated, annealing times much less than 24 hours have been reported
[83,129]. The important parameter is not time but the difference between To
and TA. If this difference is 20 to 25°C or more, no influence at all is evident,
whereas a difference around 5°C has been observed to cause an increase in
Toof around 13°C for wheat and potato starches [129]. No subsequent leaking
of amylose occurs during the annealing [83].
Just as for heat treatment, annealing causes an increase in the onset of
gelatinization, but then some interesting differences occur. With annealing, the
gelatinization temperature range narrows [83,127,129]. If the annealing is
carried out at water contents for which a biphasic DSC endotherm is obtained
for the untreated starch, annealing will transform the biphasic endotherm into
a single one [129]. Changes in enthalpy (∆H) after annealing have been
reported, but these changes are difficult to interpret; for example, a decrease
in ∆Hmight indicate that TA
is too close to To
(i.e., gelatinization has occurred).
A change in the polymorphic form as a result of annealing has not been
reported, but a slight improvement of the x-ray diffraction lines and a decrease
in the background have been [87,130]. For normal and high-amylose starches,
an increase in the V-pattern due to annealing has been reported [87]. Swelling
and solubility are both affected by annealing, and usually they are found to
decrease [86,87]. An exception has been found in barley starch, for which the
swelling was found to increase at 90°C.
Commercial starches might undergo an annealing treatment during the
production process. When laboratory-prepared samples of corn starch were
compared with commercially produced ones [131], the laboratory-prepared
samples showed a broad gelatinization temperature range, whereas the commercial samples showed a rather narrow range. Annealing, however, did not
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
the crystallinity; see Figure 10.2). The temperature for achieving annealing (T)
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10.3.3.2 AnnealingIf the water content is high enough for gelatinization but the temperature is toolow, the conditions might be suitable for annealing (i.e., a process that improvesAmust be below Tmor the crystallites will just melt and above Tgor the systemwill be too rigid for anything to happen. In this temperature range, the leastperfect crystallites melt and the molecules crystallize on the other, more nearlyperfect crystals. For starch, this means that the same type of crystallites will beobtained, but of better quality and perhaps with a higher degree of crystallinity.If gelatinization then occurs (i.e., see upward movement in Figure 10.2), it willbe apparent that the gelatinization temperature range has moved to highertemperatures and has become more narrow. [83,106,127–129].For large barley starch granules, the modal gelatinization temperature wasfound to increase from 61 to 74°C after annealing at 50°C for 6 weeks [116].Such long annealing times are not necessary for an effect. For steeping (i.e.,when cereal grains are soaked in water to facilitate the extraction of starch),changes in properties have been observed after 24 to 72 hours [86,87]. Whenstarch is treated, annealing times much less than 24 hours have been reported[83,129]. The important parameter is not time but the difference between Toand TA. If this difference is 20 to 25°C or more, no influence at all is evident,whereas a difference around 5°C has been observed to cause an increase inToof around 13°C for wheat and potato starches [129]. No subsequent leakingof amylose occurs during the annealing [83].Just as for heat treatment, annealing causes an increase in the onset ofgelatinization, but then some interesting differences occur. With annealing, thegelatinization temperature range narrows [83,127,129]. If the annealing iscarried out at water contents for which a biphasic DSC endotherm is obtainedfor the untreated starch, annealing will transform the biphasic endotherm intoa single one [129]. Changes in enthalpy (∆H) after annealing have beenreported, but these changes are difficult to interpret; for example, a decreasein ∆Hmight indicate that TAis too close to To(i.e., gelatinization has occurred).A change in the polymorphic form as a result of annealing has not beenreported, but a slight improvement of the x-ray diffraction lines and a decreasein the background have been [87,130]. For normal and high-amylose starches,an increase in the V-pattern due to annealing has been reported [87]. Swellingand solubility are both affected by annealing, and usually they are found todecrease [86,87]. An exception has been found in barley starch, for which theswelling was found to increase at 90°C.Commercial starches might undergo an annealing treatment during theproduction process. When laboratory-prepared samples of corn starch werecompared with commercially produced ones [131], the laboratory-preparedsamples showed a broad gelatinization temperature range, whereas the commercial samples showed a rather narrow range. Annealing, however, did not© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCthe crystallinity; see Figure 10.2). The temperature for achieving annealing (T)
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10.3.3.2 Annealing
Jika kadar air cukup tinggi untuk gelatinisasi tetapi suhu terlalu
rendah, kondisi mungkin cocok untuk anil (yaitu, sebuah proses yang meningkatkan
A
harus berada di bawah Tmor kristalit hanya akan mencair dan di atas Tgor sistem
akan terlalu kaku untuk sesuatu terjadi. Dalam rentang suhu ini, yang paling
kristalit sempurna meleleh dan molekul mengkristal di sisi lain, lebih hampir
sempurna kristal. Untuk pati, ini berarti bahwa jenis yang sama kristalit akan
diperoleh, tetapi kualitas yang lebih baik dan mungkin dengan tingkat yang lebih tinggi kristalinitas.
Jika gelatinisasi kemudian terjadi (yaitu, melihat gerakan ke atas dalam Gambar 10.2), maka akan
menjadi jelas bahwa kisaran suhu gelatinisasi telah pindah ke yang lebih tinggi
suhu dan semakin sempit. [83,106,127-129].
Untuk granula pati barley besar, suhu gelatinisasi modal telah
ditemukan untuk meningkatkan 61-74 ° C setelah anil pada 50 ° C selama 6 minggu [116].
kali anil panjang seperti itu tidak diperlukan untuk efek. Untuk seduhan (yaitu,
ketika biji-bijian sereal direndam dalam air untuk mempermudah ekstraksi pati),
perubahan sifat telah diamati setelah 24 sampai 72 jam [86,87]. Ketika
pati diperlakukan, kali anil jauh lebih sedikit dari 24 jam telah dilaporkan
[83129]. Parameter penting adalah bukan waktu tetapi perbedaan antara To
dan TA. Jika perbedaan ini adalah 20 sampai 25 ° C atau lebih, tidak ada pengaruh sama sekali jelas,
sedangkan perbedaan sekitar 5 ° C telah diamati untuk menyebabkan peningkatan
Toof sekitar 13 ° C untuk gandum dan kentang pati [129]. Tidak ada kebocoran berikutnya
amilosa terjadi selama anil [83].
Sama seperti untuk perlakuan panas, anil menyebabkan peningkatan terjadinya
gelatinisasi, tapi kemudian beberapa perbedaan yang menarik terjadi. Dengan anil,
kisaran suhu gelatinisasi menyempit [83127129]. Jika anil yang
dilakukan pada kadar air yang satu DSC endoterm biphasic diperoleh
untuk pati yang tidak diobati, anil akan mengubah endoterm biphasic ke
dalam satu [129]. Perubahan entalpi (ΔH) setelah anil telah
dilaporkan, namun perubahan ini sulit untuk menafsirkan; misalnya, penurunan
di ΔHmight menunjukkan bahwa TA
terlalu dekat dengan To
(yaitu, gelatinisasi telah terjadi).
Perubahan dalam bentuk polimorfik akibat anil belum
dilaporkan, tetapi sedikit perbaikan dari difraksi x-ray garis dan penurunan
di latar belakang telah [87130]. Untuk normal dan tinggi amilosa pati,
peningkatan V-pola karena anil telah dilaporkan [87]. Pembengkakan
dan kelarutan keduanya dipengaruhi oleh anil, dan biasanya mereka ditemukan
menurun [86,87]. Pengecualian telah ditemukan dalam pati barley, dimana
pembengkakan ditemukan meningkat pada suhu 90 ° C.
pati Komersial mungkin menjalani pengobatan anil selama
proses produksi. Ketika sampel laboratorium disiapkan dari pati jagung
dibandingkan dengan yang diproduksi secara komersial [131], laboratorium disiapkan
sampel menunjukkan rentang temperatur gelatinisasi yang luas, sedangkan sampel komersial menunjukkan kisaran yang agak sempit. Anil, bagaimanapun, tidak
© 2006 oleh Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
kristalinitas; lihat Gambar 10.2). Suhu untuk mencapai anil (T)
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