of policy that control flows in all points in the ysteni. These deci¬s terjemahan - of policy that control flows in all points in the ysteni. These deci¬s Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

of policy that control flows in all

of policy that control flows in all points in the ysteni. These deci¬sion functions (or policy) may be complex and nenlinear; they may incorporate "superpolicy" that tells us how the decision functions themselves evolve with time and how they change in accordance with the history of system variables. The decision function can incorporate a random event variable of specified statistical characteristics to simulate some of the residual uncer¬tainties that will remain after the principal direct v:Iriables have been incorporated.
In generai, the industrial-dynamics approach secks to develop a very simple system in terms of the fundamenta! na:ure of its equations. Simple algebraic difference equations are utilized to describe the entire systern. The only complexity that does arise stems from the sheer size of the model; that is, it may take many hundreds of variables and equations in order to describe ade-quately the system under analysis.
Extensions of this general approach have been made to even larger, more complex systems."' A model has been developed to represent fundamental urban processes—showing how industry, housing, and people interact with each other as 2 city grows and decays. Similarly, a dynamic model has been developed to reflect the interactions among world population, industriaiization, deple¬tion of natural resources, agriculture, and pollution.
The objective which is sought when designing a sirnulation model should fulfill the following requirements: (1) it should allow any statement of cause-effect relationships that we may wish to include; (2) it should be simple in mathematical nature; (3) it should be closely synonymous in nomenclature to industrial, economic, and social terminology; (4) it should be extendible to large numbers of variables (thousands) •ithout exceeding the practical limits of available digital computers; (5) it should be able to handle continuous interaction in the sense that any artificial discontinuity introduced by solution time intervals not affect the results; and (6) it should include the effects of intangibles, particularly the role of the decision makers who are part of the man-machine system.
If simulation models of the entire system can be developed with the above characteristics, it seems obvious that this approach would be useful as an analytical tool in the application_of the sys¬tems approach.
"Jay W. Forrestcr, Urban Dynantics, The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969, and Worid nutramics. Wright-Allen Press, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., 1971.

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of policy that control flows in all points in the ysteni. These deci¬sion functions (or policy) may be complex and nenlinear; they may incorporate "superpolicy" that tells us how the decision functions themselves evolve with time and how they change in accordance with the history of system variables. The decision function can incorporate a random event variable of specified statistical characteristics to simulate some of the residual uncer¬tainties that will remain after the principal direct v:Iriables have been incorporated.
In generai, the industrial-dynamics approach secks to develop a very simple system in terms of the fundamenta! na:ure of its equations. Simple algebraic difference equations are utilized to describe the entire systern. The only complexity that does arise stems from the sheer size of the model; that is, it may take many hundreds of variables and equations in order to describe ade-quately the system under analysis.
Extensions of this general approach have been made to even larger, more complex systems."' A model has been developed to represent fundamental urban processes—showing how industry, housing, and people interact with each other as 2 city grows and decays. Similarly, a dynamic model has been developed to reflect the interactions among world population, industriaiization, deple¬tion of natural resources, agriculture, and pollution.
The objective which is sought when designing a sirnulation model should fulfill the following requirements: (1) it should allow any statement of cause-effect relationships that we may wish to include; (2) it should be simple in mathematical nature; (3) it should be closely synonymous in nomenclature to industrial, economic, and social terminology; (4) it should be extendible to large numbers of variables (thousands) •ithout exceeding the practical limits of available digital computers; (5) it should be able to handle continuous interaction in the sense that any artificial discontinuity introduced by solution time intervals not affect the results; and (6) it should include the effects of intangibles, particularly the role of the decision makers who are part of the man-machine system.
If simulation models of the entire system can be developed with the above characteristics, it seems obvious that this approach would be useful as an analytical tool in the application_of the sys¬tems approach.
"Jay W. Forrestcr, Urban Dynantics, The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969, and Worid nutramics. Wright-Allen Press, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., 1971.

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kebijakan yang mengontrol arus di semua titik di ysteni tersebut. Fungsi deci¬sion ini (atau kebijakan) mungkin kompleks dan nenlinear; mereka dapat memasukkan "superpolicy" yang memberitahu kita bagaimana keputusan fungsi sendiri berkembang dengan waktu dan bagaimana mereka berubah sesuai dengan sejarah variabel sistem. Fungsi keputusan dapat menggabungkan variabel peristiwa acak dari karakteristik statistik tertentu untuk mensimulasikan beberapa uncer¬tainties sisa yang akan tetap setelah v langsung pokok:. Iriables telah dimasukkan
dalam generai, industri-dinamika pendekatan Secks untuk mengembangkan sangat sederhana sistem dalam hal fundamenta tersebut! na: ure persamaan nya. Sederhana perbedaan persamaan aljabar yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan seluruh systern. Satu-satunya kompleksitas yang tidak muncul berasal dari ukuran tipis model; yaitu, mungkin diperlukan ratusan variabel dan persamaan untuk menggambarkan ade-quately sistem di bawah analisis.
Ekstensi pendekatan umum ini telah dibuat bahkan lebih besar, sistem yang lebih kompleks. "'Sebuah model telah dikembangkan untuk mewakili mendasar proses menunjukkan perkotaan bagaimana industri, perumahan, dan orang-orang berinteraksi satu sama lain sebagai 2 kota tumbuh dan meluruh. Demikian pula, model dinamis telah dikembangkan untuk mencerminkan interaksi antara penduduk dunia, industriaiization, deple¬tion sumber daya alam, pertanian, dan polusi.
Tujuan yang dicari ketika merancang model sirnulation harus memenuhi persyaratan sebagai berikut: (1) harus memungkinkan pernyataan dari hubungan sebab-akibat yang kita mungkin ingin untuk memasukkan; (2) itu harus sederhana di alam matematika; ( 3) harus erat sinonim dalam nomenklatur untuk terminologi industri, ekonomi, dan sosial, (4) harus diperpanjang untuk sejumlah besar variabel (ribuan) • ithout melebihi batas praktis dari komputer digital yang tersedia; (5) harus mampu menangani interaksi terus menerus dalam arti bahwa setiap diskontinuitas buatan diperkenalkan oleh interval waktu solusi tidak mempengaruhi hasil; dan (6) itu harus mencakup dampak berwujud, khususnya peran pengambil keputusan yang merupakan bagian dari sistem manusia-mesin.
Jika model simulasi dari seluruh sistem dapat dikembangkan dengan karakteristik di atas, tampak jelas bahwa pendekatan ini akan berguna sebagai alat analisis dalam application_of yang pendekatan sys¬tems.
"Jay W. Forrestcr, Perkotaan Dynantics, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1969, dan Worid nutramics. Wright-Allen Press, Inc., Cambridge, Mass., 1971.

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