THREATS FROM ABROADSudden Oak Death Last year’s report on Pests and Di terjemahan - THREATS FROM ABROADSudden Oak Death Last year’s report on Pests and Di Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

THREATS FROM ABROADSudden Oak Death

THREATS FROM ABROAD
Sudden Oak Death
Last year’s report on Pests and Diseases (Evans and Webber, 2002) described the risk posed by a new fungal pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. This is currently the cause of widespread mortality of oaks in coastal areas of California, USA, and the rapid onset of symptoms frequently seen in infected trees has led to the disease name ‘Sudden Oak Death’ or SOD. The same fungus has also been found sporadically in the Netherlands and Germany where it causes a twig blight of rhododendron and has also been found killing nursery plants of viburnums and rhododendron (Werres et al., 2001).
In June 2001 an information leaflet was prepared describing the symptoms caused by SOD on oaks in California, and the possible symptoms that might be seen if UK oaks were infected. Over 2000 copies of this Exotic Pest Alert were circulated to arborists, tree officers and foresters. As British oaks are already subject to a widespread but low level mortality and dieback known as ‘oak decline’ (caused by a complex of root infecting fungi, recurrent droughts and insect defoliation), there was concern that decline symptoms could be masking the somewhat similar symptoms of SOD. To assess whether P. ramorum could be infecting oaks in Britain a range of oak decline sites were resurveyed for any signs of SOD, with particular attention given to sites where rhodendron was a component of the surrounding vegetation. However, no evidence of the disease was obtained, and all visible symptoms could be attributed to known problems of oak dieback. To evaluate in more detail the risk that SOD might pose to oaks (and possibly other trees species) in the UK, pathogenicity tests were undertaken with P. ramorum under licence in high security quarantine containment chambers. Freshly felled logs cut from a range of broadleaved species, but with particular emphasis on Quercus species, were inoculated with isolates of P. ramorum obtained from Europe and California. After a few weeks the extent of lesion development in the bark and sapwood around the inoculation point was taken as an indicator of pathogenicity (see Plate 1 (a), (b) and (c)). The results of these tests were promising in that Quercus robur appeared relatively resistant to the fungus and only small, limited lesions developed. However, Q. rubra (American red oak) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech) showed signs of greater susceptibility to P. ramorum and further tests are planned. Closer study of the pathogen has also revealed that it has two mating types (A1 and A2), with the A2 only apparently present in the USA and the A1 in Europe. This raises questions about the geographic origin of this new pathogen and its potential for genetic change through sexual recombination. More information about this research is available on the Forest Research website or from one of the authors (joan.webber@forestry.gsi.gov.uk).
Coleoptera intercepted in port inspections and in pheromone traps
As part of the service that Entomology Branch provides for the Forestry Commission Plant Health Service, rapid identification is carried out of insects intercepted during port inspections and which are captured in pheromone traps at ports and timber yards. There were relatively few significant interceptions during 2001 but among the list are Coleoptera of high quarantine significance (Table 1).

Tabel 1

The eight-toothed European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, has been regularly intercepted and poses one of the most serious threats to spruce forests in this country. It was found during regular inspections by Plant Health Service staff and in pheromone traps at five different locations. Among the other bark beetles, several are already present in Britain but their interception indicates that there were infringements to the quarantine requirement that all bark should be removed from sawn timber. Two species of Ips from North America were also intercepted. Although neither species is regarded as a serious pest in the country of origin, their potential impacts in new locations may be less predictable. For example, I. grandicollis has established in Australia (Berisford and Dahlsten, 1989) where it has caused significant damage to radiata pine (Pinus radiata).
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THREATS FROM ABROADSudden Oak Death Last year’s report on Pests and Diseases (Evans and Webber, 2002) described the risk posed by a new fungal pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum. This is currently the cause of widespread mortality of oaks in coastal areas of California, USA, and the rapid onset of symptoms frequently seen in infected trees has led to the disease name ‘Sudden Oak Death’ or SOD. The same fungus has also been found sporadically in the Netherlands and Germany where it causes a twig blight of rhododendron and has also been found killing nursery plants of viburnums and rhododendron (Werres et al., 2001). In June 2001 an information leaflet was prepared describing the symptoms caused by SOD on oaks in California, and the possible symptoms that might be seen if UK oaks were infected. Over 2000 copies of this Exotic Pest Alert were circulated to arborists, tree officers and foresters. As British oaks are already subject to a widespread but low level mortality and dieback known as ‘oak decline’ (caused by a complex of root infecting fungi, recurrent droughts and insect defoliation), there was concern that decline symptoms could be masking the somewhat similar symptoms of SOD. To assess whether P. ramorum could be infecting oaks in Britain a range of oak decline sites were resurveyed for any signs of SOD, with particular attention given to sites where rhodendron was a component of the surrounding vegetation. However, no evidence of the disease was obtained, and all visible symptoms could be attributed to known problems of oak dieback. To evaluate in more detail the risk that SOD might pose to oaks (and possibly other trees species) in the UK, pathogenicity tests were undertaken with P. ramorum under licence in high security quarantine containment chambers. Freshly felled logs cut from a range of broadleaved species, but with particular emphasis on Quercus species, were inoculated with isolates of P. ramorum obtained from Europe and California. After a few weeks the extent of lesion development in the bark and sapwood around the inoculation point was taken as an indicator of pathogenicity (see Plate 1 (a), (b) and (c)). The results of these tests were promising in that Quercus robur appeared relatively resistant to the fungus and only small, limited lesions developed. However, Q. rubra (American red oak) and Fagus sylvatica (European beech) showed signs of greater susceptibility to P. ramorum and further tests are planned. Closer study of the pathogen has also revealed that it has two mating types (A1 and A2), with the A2 only apparently present in the USA and the A1 in Europe. This raises questions about the geographic origin of this new pathogen and its potential for genetic change through sexual recombination. More information about this research is available on the Forest Research website or from one of the authors (joan.webber@forestry.gsi.gov.uk).Coleoptera intercepted in port inspections and in pheromone traps As part of the service that Entomology Branch provides for the Forestry Commission Plant Health Service, rapid identification is carried out of insects intercepted during port inspections and which are captured in pheromone traps at ports and timber yards. There were relatively few significant interceptions during 2001 but among the list are Coleoptera of high quarantine significance (Table 1).Tabel 1The eight-toothed European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, has been regularly intercepted and poses one of the most serious threats to spruce forests in this country. It was found during regular inspections by Plant Health Service staff and in pheromone traps at five different locations. Among the other bark beetles, several are already present in Britain but their interception indicates that there were infringements to the quarantine requirement that all bark should be removed from sawn timber. Two species of Ips from North America were also intercepted. Although neither species is regarded as a serious pest in the country of origin, their potential impacts in new locations may be less predictable. For example, I. grandicollis has established in Australia (Berisford and Dahlsten, 1989) where it has caused significant damage to radiata pine (Pinus radiata).
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ANCAMAN DARI LUAR NEGERI
Sudden Death Oak
laporan tahun terakhir di Hama dan Penyakit (Evans dan Webber, 2002) menggambarkan risiko yang ditimbulkan oleh jamur patogen baru, Phytophthora ramorum. Ini adalah saat ini penyebab kematian luas ek di wilayah pesisir California, Amerika Serikat, dan onset yang cepat gejala sering terlihat di pohon-pohon yang terinfeksi telah menyebabkan nama penyakit 'Sudden Death Oak' atau SOD. Jamur yang sama juga telah ditemukan secara sporadis di Belanda dan Jerman di mana hal itu menyebabkan hawar ranting dari rhododendron dan juga telah ditemukan membunuh tanaman pembibitan Viburnums dan rhododendron (Werres et al., 2001).
Pada bulan Juni 2001 selebaran informasi disiapkan menggambarkan gejala yang disebabkan oleh SOD pada pohon ek di California, dan gejala-gejala yang mungkin yang mungkin harus dilihat apakah pohon ek Inggris terinfeksi. Lebih dari 2000 salinan ini Exotic Pest Notifikasi yang diedarkan kepada arborists, petugas pohon dan kehutanan. Seperti pohon ek Inggris sudah dikenakan kematian tingkat luas tetapi rendah dan dieback dikenal sebagai 'ek penurunan' (yang disebabkan oleh kompleks akar menginfeksi jamur, kekeringan berulang dan serangga defoliasi), ada kekhawatiran bahwa penurunan gejala bisa menutupi agak mirip gejala SOD. Untuk menilai apakah P. ramorum dapat menginfeksi pohon ek di Inggris berbagai situs penurunan oak yang resurveyed untuk tanda-tanda SOD, dengan perhatian khusus diberikan kepada situs di mana rhodendron adalah komponen vegetasi sekitarnya. Namun, tidak ada bukti penyakit diperoleh, dan semua gejala yang terlihat dapat dikaitkan dengan masalah diketahui dari kayu ek dieback. Untuk mengevaluasi secara lebih rinci risiko yang SOD mungkin menimbulkan ke pohon ek (dan spesies pohon mungkin lainnya) di Inggris, tes patogenisitas yang dilakukan dengan P. ramorum di bawah lisensi di keamanan yang tinggi ruang penahanan karantina. Baru ditebang kayu dipotong dari berbagai spesies broadleaved, tetapi dengan penekanan khusus pada spesies Quercus, diinokulasi dengan isolat P. ramorum diperoleh dari Eropa dan California. Setelah beberapa minggu tingkat perkembangan lesi di kulit dan gubal sekitar titik inokulasi diambil sebagai indikator patogenisitas (lihat Gambar 1 (a), (b) dan (c)). Hasil dari pengujian ini menjanjikan bahwa Quercus robur muncul relatif tahan terhadap jamur dan hanya kecil, lesi terbatas dikembangkan. Namun, Q. rubra (Amerika ek merah) dan Fagus sylvatica (beech Eropa) menunjukkan tanda-tanda kerentanan lebih besar terhadap P. ramorum dan pemeriksaan lebih lanjut direncanakan. Penelitian lebih dekat dari patogen juga mengungkapkan bahwa ia memiliki dua jenis kawin (A1 dan A2), dengan A2 hanya tampaknya hadir di Amerika Serikat dan A1 di Eropa. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan tentang asal-usul geografis patogen baru ini dan potensi untuk perubahan genetik melalui rekombinasi seksual. Informasi lebih lanjut tentang penelitian ini tersedia di website Penelitian Hutan atau dari salah satu penulis (joan.webber@forestry.gsi.gov.uk).
Coleoptera dicegat di inspeksi pelabuhan dan di perangkap feromon
Sebagai bagian dari layanan yang Entomologi Branch menyediakan untuk Tanaman Komisi Pelayanan Kesehatan Kehutanan, identifikasi cepat dilakukan serangga dicegat selama inspeksi pelabuhan dan yang ditangkap di perangkap feromon di pelabuhan dan pekarangan kayu. Ada relatif sedikit interceptions signifikan selama tahun 2001 namun di antara daftar adalah Coleoptera penting karantina tinggi (Tabel 1). Tabel 1 Delapan bergigi Eropa kumbang kulit kayu cemara, Ips typographus, telah secara teratur dicegat dan menimbulkan salah satu ancaman paling serius terhadap hutan cemara di negeri ini. Ditemukan selama inspeksi rutin oleh staf Tanaman Dinas Kesehatan dan perangkap feromon di lima lokasi yang berbeda. Di antara kumbang kulit kayu lainnya, beberapa yang sudah ada di Inggris tapi intersepsi mereka menunjukkan bahwa ada pelanggaran terhadap persyaratan karantina bahwa semua kulit harus dihapus dari kayu gergajian. Dua spesies Ips dari Amerika Utara juga dicegat. Meskipun spesies tidak dianggap sebagai hama yang serius di negara asal, dampak potensial mereka di lokasi baru mungkin kurang dapat diprediksi. Misalnya, I. grandicollis telah didirikan di Australia (Berisford dan Dahlsten, 1989) di mana ia telah menyebabkan kerusakan yang signifikan pada pinus radiata (Pinus radiata).




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