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Stages and Processes of SRL in Social Cognitive TheorySocial cognitive theory and research have contributed significantly to our understanding of how SRL, its components, and its processes are developed (Bandura, 1986; Pintrich, 2000; Zimmerman, 2000). Table 1 from Pintrich (2000) illustrates the social cognitive perspective of SRL. In this table, the selfregulatory processes are organized according to four stages: (a) planning and goal setting; (b) selfmonitoring; (c) controlling; and (d) reflecting. Within each of these stages, self-regulation processes are structured into four areas: (a) cognition; (b) motivation; (c) behavior; and (d) context. Pintrich’s illustration represents a comprehensive sequence that learners progress through as a task is being carried out. The stages produce various interactions among the different SRL processes as described below and as shown in Table 1.The self-regulating processes begin in the planning stage with essential activities such as goal setting and activation of prior knowledge of the domain. The cognitive area recognizes the resources and strategies that are helpful in addressing the task. Metacognitive awareness recognizes the difficulty of the task and identifies the knowledge and skills needed for addressing the task. Motivational beliefs, such as efficacy for completing the task or value given to the task, influence learner behavior toward the task, such as planning time and effort and the activation of perceptions regarding the task and the contextual area.Within the self-monitoring stage, learners become aware of their own state of cognition and motivation and use of time and effort, as well as conditions of the task and the context. Processes in this stage include self-observation of comprehension and competency, as well increased awareness of the goals that will subsequently direct behaviors and understanding of how performance will be evaluated.
The activities in the controlling stage embody the selection and utilization of cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational strategies, as well as those strategies related to regulation of diverse academic tasks such as atmosphere and structure of the task.
The final stage of reflecting includes evaluations that learners make regarding execution of the task. Processes in this stage include comparison of the executed task to previously established criteria that were determined by the learner and/or provided by the instructor, internal and external feedback about the results of the task, consequences for the results, behavior to be followed, as well as overall assessments about the task
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