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3. MethodologyThe explorative study

3. Methodology
The explorative study wasa Case Study based approach in five design disciplines gives ground to the research.
Case studies provide a research environment propitious to gather practical, concrete and context-dependent
knowledge essential to gain insight into causal mechanisms, and contextual considerations [39]. This research
entails multiple Case Studies selected to compare clearly different examples, embedded [40]or nested as subunits
[41]to investigate the phenomenon of MUDA in design as the principal unit of analysis.
In this research the case study method was based on periods of observation for the analysis of persons and
projects studied holistically and in detail by one or more methods of analysis. From the progressive studies,
instances of classes of phenomena provided analytical frames and guidelines to conduct the research to
categorization systems [42], illuminating the explanations on how to integrate the complementary results in a whole
picture of an integrative framework. Multiple cases from different design disciplines were used to strengthen the
external validity and enhanced the generalizability [40, 41]of the Framework of Awareness. The careful selection of
representative and instrumental case studies per discipline [43]was based on a variation in cases to obtain
information about various situations of MUDA in the design process, complement data and refine results.
The case studies selection was focused on design disciplines, which design processes, go through stages of
materialization of ideas with tangible and intangible effects. The research adopted case studies representative of
each design discipline that could also have a revelatory character [41]. The case studies are based in four design
consultancies established in the following design disciplines, graphic design, architecture, interaction design and
mechanical engineering and one group of industrial design graduating students. The selection criteria of the case
studies was based on the identification of trustworthy design consultancies known for its reputation, with an
organizational structure of tenpeople average, where behavioral patterns could be derived from examples of
competent performance and led by design experts. Context-dependent knowledge and experience are at the very
heart of expert activity [39], thusthe well-know experts’ ability to arrive at problem diagnoses and solutions rapidly
and intuitively was a central criterion for the selection of design consultancies and its leaders [44]. Other criteria for
the selection of design consultancies was to choose design environments where people like to work and feel engaged
with, have free choice and freedom to speak so that their reports would be honest. Fulfilling these criteria, the
validity of inquiry in the action context was not threatened by defensive routines of including self-censorship and
face saving.
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3. MethodologyThe explorative study wasa Case Study based approach in five design disciplines gives ground to the research.Case studies provide a research environment propitious to gather practical, concrete and context-dependentknowledge essential to gain insight into causal mechanisms, and contextual considerations [39]. This researchentails multiple Case Studies selected to compare clearly different examples, embedded [40]or nested as subunits[41]to investigate the phenomenon of MUDA in design as the principal unit of analysis.In this research the case study method was based on periods of observation for the analysis of persons andprojects studied holistically and in detail by one or more methods of analysis. From the progressive studies,instances of classes of phenomena provided analytical frames and guidelines to conduct the research tocategorization systems [42], illuminating the explanations on how to integrate the complementary results in a wholepicture of an integrative framework. Multiple cases from different design disciplines were used to strengthen theexternal validity and enhanced the generalizability [40, 41]of the Framework of Awareness. The careful selection ofrepresentative and instrumental case studies per discipline [43]was based on a variation in cases to obtaininformation about various situations of MUDA in the design process, complement data and refine results. The case studies selection was focused on design disciplines, which design processes, go through stages ofmaterialization of ideas with tangible and intangible effects. The research adopted case studies representative ofeach design discipline that could also have a revelatory character [41]. The case studies are based in four designconsultancies established in the following design disciplines, graphic design, architecture, interaction design andmechanical engineering and one group of industrial design graduating students. The selection criteria of the casestudies was based on the identification of trustworthy design consultancies known for its reputation, with anorganizational structure of tenpeople average, where behavioral patterns could be derived from examples ofcompetent performance and led by design experts. Context-dependent knowledge and experience are at the veryheart of expert activity [39], thusthe well-know experts’ ability to arrive at problem diagnoses and solutions rapidlyand intuitively was a central criterion for the selection of design consultancies and its leaders [44]. Other criteria forthe selection of design consultancies was to choose design environments where people like to work and feel engagedwith, have free choice and freedom to speak so that their reports would be honest. Fulfilling these criteria, thevalidity of inquiry in the action context was not threatened by defensive routines of including self-censorship andface saving.
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3. Metodologi
Kajian penerokaan Wasa Kajian Kes risiko di dalam lima disiplin reka bentuk memberikan tanah untuk kajian.
Kajian kes menyediakan persekitaran penyelidikan yang menguntungkan untuk mengumpul praktikal, konkrit dan konteks yang bergantung kepada
pengetahuan yang penting untuk mendapatkan maklumat tentang mekanisme sebab-musabab, dan pertimbangan kontekstual [ 39]. Kajian ini
melibatkan Kajian pelbagai kes dipilih untuk membandingkan contoh jelas berbeza, tertanam [40] atau bersarang sebagai subunit
[41] untuk menyiasat fenomena MUDA dalam reka bentuk sebagai unit utama analisis.
Dalam kajian ini kaedah kajian kes adalah berdasarkan tempoh pemerhatian untuk analisis orang dan
projek dipelajari secara menyeluruh dan terperinci oleh satu atau lebih kaedah analisis. Dari kajian yang progresif,
contoh kelas fenomena disediakan bingkai analisis dan garis panduan untuk menjalankan penyelidikan untuk
sistem pengkategorian [42], menerangi penjelasan mengenai bagaimana untuk mengintegrasikan keputusan pelengkap dalam keseluruhan
gambar rangka kerja yang integratif. Pelbagai kes dari disiplin reka bentuk yang berbeza telah digunakan untuk menguatkan
kesahihan luaran dan dipertingkatkan generalizability yang [40, 41] Rangka Kerja Kesedaran. Pemilihan yang teliti
kajian kes wakil dan memainkan peranan penting bagi setiap disiplin [43] adalah berdasarkan kepada variasi dalam kes-kes untuk mendapatkan
maklumat mengenai pelbagai situasi MUDA dalam proses reka bentuk, melengkapkan data dan menapis hasil.
Kes itu mengkaji pemilihan telah memberi tumpuan kepada bidang reka bentuk, yang reka bentuk proses, pergi melalui peringkat
Terwujudnya idea dengan kesan ketara dan tidak ketara. Penyelidikan pakai kajian kes wakil
setiap disiplin reka bentuk yang juga boleh mempunyai watak revelatory [41]. Kajian kes adalah berdasarkan dalam empat reka bentuk
perundingan ditubuhkan pada disiplin reka bentuk berikut, reka bentuk grafik, seni bina, reka bentuk interaksi dan
kejuruteraan mekanikal dan satu kumpulan reka bentuk menamatkan pengajian pelajar industri. Kriteria pemilihan kes
kajian adalah berdasarkan kepada pengenalan perundingan reka bentuk boleh dipercayai terkenal dengan reputasinya, dengan
struktur organisasi purata tenpeople, di mana corak tingkah laku boleh diperolehi daripada contoh
prestasi yang cekap dan diketuai oleh pakar-pakar reka bentuk. Pengetahuan dan pengalaman konteks yang bergantung kepada adalah sekurang-
tengah-tengah aktiviti pakar [39], keupayaan thusthe pakar-pakar baik-tahu 'tiba di diagnosis masalah dan penyelesaian dengan cepat
dan intuitif adalah kriteria utama untuk pemilihan perundingan reka bentuk dan pemimpinnya [44 ]. Kriteria lain untuk
pemilihan perundingan reka bentuk adalah untuk memilih persekitaran reka bentuk di mana orang suka bekerja dan merasa terlibat
dengan, mempunyai pilihan dan kebebasan percuma untuk bercakap supaya laporan mereka akan bersikap jujur. Memenuhi kriteria ini,
kesahihan pertanyaan dalam konteks tindakan itu tidak diancam oleh rutin pertahanan termasuk penapisan sendiri dan
penjimatan muka.
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