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II. SARANA PENYELESAIANA. negosiasi dan konsultasi21. mengacu pada negosiasi, Mahkamah Internasional re - ditandai bahwa "tidak ada tidak perlu memaksa karakter fundamental metode penyelesaian". Aku mengamati dalam hubungan ini, 2 seperti halnya pendahulunya, permanen Mahkamah Internasional, 3 bahwa, tidak seperti cara lain untuk menyelesaikan-ment, negosiasi yang mengarah ke "penyelesaian langsung dan ramah... perselisihan antara pihak" secara universal diterima. Selanjutnya, negosiasi adalah usu-sekutu prasyarat untuk menggunakan cara lain penyelesaian damai atas perselisihan. Ini diakui sebagai proses arbitrase atau peradilan prihatin oleh pengadilan permanen dalam kata-kata berikut: "Sebelum sengketa dapat membuat subjek tindakan hukum, materi pokok harus telah jelas didefinisikan oleh perundingan diplomatik." 4, perlu dicatat bahwa istilah "diplomasi" digunakan dalam beberapa perjanjian, seperti 1949 direvisi umum undang-undang untuk Pasifik penyelesaian dari International sengketa, sebagai sinonim dari "nego-tiations", seperti juga frase "melalui saluran diplomatik biasa" nampaknya, misalnya, dalam Piagam 1948 organisasi negara-negara Amerika.1. main karakteristikNegosiasi 22. Deklarasi Manila pada penyelesaian damai internasional sengketa menyoroti fleksibilitas sebagai salah satu karakteristik negotia-tions langsung sebagai sarana untuk penyelesaian damai atas perselisihan (sect. saya, para. 10). Nego-tiation adalah cara fleksibel penyelesaian damai atas perselisihan dalam beberapa hal. Hal ini dapat diterapkan untuk semua jenis sengketa, Apakah politik, hukum atau teknis. Karena, tidak seperti cara lain yang tercantum dalam Pasal 33 Piagam, melibatkan hanya negara-negara pihak yang bersengketa, negara-negara bagian dapat memantau semua tahapan proses dari inisiasi nya ke kesimpulan dan melakukan hal itu dengan cara yang mereka anggap paling tepat.ILC. J laporan 1969, MS 48, ayat. 86. 21n pengadilannya di Laut Utara kontinen kasus, ibid. 31n urutan 19 April 1929 zona bebas Savoy atas dan distrik Gex (PC. LJ., Seri A, No. 22, ms. 13). 4 PC. JJ, Seri A, No. 2, p. 15. 5Para persoalan tentang tempat negosiasi yang menempati antara cara lain penyelesaian damai atas perselisihan telah dibahas, antara lain, dalam rangka Komite khusus PBB tentang prinsip-prinsip hukum internasional mengenai ramah hubungan dan kerjasama antara negara-negara. Untuk ringkasan argumen maju pada pertanyaan ini dalam komite khusus, lihat catatan resmi dari Majelis Umum, sesi kedua puluh, lampiran, agenda item 90 dan 94, dokumen A/5746, paras. 156, 158 dan 161-163 dan ibid., dua puluh - sesi pertama, lampiran, agenda item 87, dokumen A/6230, paras. 195-206.23. Another characteristic of negotiation highlighted by the Manila Declaration is effectiveness (sect. I, para. 10). Suffice it to say in this connec- tion that in the reality of international life, negotiation, as one of the means of peaceful settlement of disputes, is most often resorted to by States for solving contentious issues and that, while it is not always successful, it does solve the majority of disputes. Consultations 24. Consultations may be considered as a variety of negotiations. While they are not mentioned in Article 33 of the Charter, they are provided for in a growing number of treaties as a means of settling disputes arising from the interpretation or application of the treaty concerned. Mention may be made in this connection of article 84 of the 1975 Convention on the Representation of States in their Relations with International Organizations of a Universal Character, which provides for the holding of consultations at the request of any of the parties, as well as of article 41 of the 1978 Conven- tion on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties and article 42 of the 1983 Convention on the Succession of State Property, Archives and Debts, both of which provide for "a process of consultation and negotiation". 25. In other treaties, consultations are provided for as a preliminary phase in the process of settlement of disputes. Reference is made in this connection to article XI of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, article 17 of the 1979 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and article XXV of the 1980 Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, which provide, in case of disputes, that the States parties shall consult among themselves with a view to the settlement of the dispute by peaceful means. Exchanges of views 26. Exchanges of views may also be considered as a form of consulta- tions. They play an important role in the system established by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the peaceful settlement of disputes arising from the interpretation and application of the Convention. Reference is made in this connection to article 283 of the Convention, which reads as follows: " 1. When a dispute arises between States Parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention, the parties to the dispute shall proceed expeditiously to an exchange of views regarding its settle- ment by negotiation or other peaceful means. "2. The parties shall also proceed expeditiously to an exchange of views where a procedure for the settlement of such a dispute has been terminated without a settlement or where a settlement has been reached and the circumstances require consultation regarding the manner of im- plementing the settlement."2. awal fase 27. Biasanya, proses perundingan dimulai sebagai hasil dari satu negara memahami adanya sengketa dan mengundang negara lain untuk masuk ke dalamnegotiations for its settlement. The start of the negotiating process is conditional upon the acceptance by the other State of such an invitation. It may occur that a State invited to enter into negotiations has valid reasons to believe that there is no dispute to negotiate and that there is, therefore, no basis for the opening of negotiations. It may also occur that a State, while agreeing to enter into negotiations, subjects the opening of negotia- tions to conditions unacceptable to the first State. The discretion of States with respect to the initiation of the negotiating process is, however, subject to certain limitations. 28. A number of treaties place on the States Parties thereto an obli- gation to carry out "negotiations", "consultations", or "exchanges of views" whenever a controversy arises in connection with the treaty con- cerned. Examples of such treaties are the 1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (General Assembly resolution 34/68, annex, art. 15, para. 1), the 1975 Vienna Con- vention on the Representation of States in their Relations with Interna- tional Organizations of a Universal Character (art. 84), the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (art. 283, para. 1) and the 1959 Antarctic Treaty (art. VIII, para. 2). Under some of those treaties, parties to a dispute arising from the interpretation or application of the treaty are under an obligation to start the consultation or negotiation process without delay (see art. 283, para. 1, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; art. 15, para. 2, of the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies; and art. VIII, para. 2, of the Antarctic Treaty). 29. Furthermore, many treaties providing for peaceful settlement pro- cedures make resort to the third party means of settlement envisaged in the treaty conditional upon failure of negotiations. This approach is to be found in some treaties specifically concluded for the settlement of all disputes which may arise among the States parties thereto, such as for example, the 1949 Revised General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Interna- tional Disputes (art. I). 30. This approach is also to be found in the dispute settlement clause of many multilateral treaties, such as article 4 of the 1948 Convention on the International Maritime Organization, and article VIII of the 1969 Interna- tional Convention relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties. 31. It should furthermore be pointed out that the setting in motion of the negotiating process can be encouraged by international organizations. Aside from the fact that such organizations provide a meeting place where representatives of States parties to a dispute can get together and conduct formal or informal discussions with a view to settling the dispute, organs of an international organization may contribute to the opening of negotia- tions by addressing to the parties recommendations to that effect. 32. In the case of the United Nations, the General Assembly may, as is recalled in section II, paragraph 3 (a), of the Manila Declaration, "discuss any situation, regardless of origin, which it deems likely to impair the generalkesejahteraan atau hubungan persahabatan antara bangsa dan, Pasal 12 dari Piagam, menyarankan langkah-langkah untuk penyelesaian damai yang". Cara penyelesaian yang Majelis Umum paling sering dianjurkan untuk para pihak yang bersengketa adalah negosiasi. Rujukan dibuat dalam hal ini untuk penyelesaian 40/9 8 November 1985, di mana Majelis ditujukan banding khidmat Serikat dalam konflik untuk melanjutkan ke penyelesaian perselisihan mereka dengan negosiasi dan cara-cara damai lainnya. 33. dalam menyikapi rekomendasi kepada para pihak, Majelis Umum telah sering meminta mereka untuk memperhitungkan mereka negosiasi spe-cific elemen seperti tujuan dan prinsip-prinsip Piagam; keadan-tives resolusi 1514 (XV) tanggal 14 Desember 1960 (Deklarasi tentang pemberian kemerdekaan kepada negara kolonial dan masyarakat); kepentingan orang-orang yang bersangkutan; hak untuk penentuan nasib sendiri dan kemerdekaan; dan prinsip nationa
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