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The popular conception of hackers i

The popular conception of hackers is one of young men sitting in dark basement rooms for hours upon end, surrounded by empty takeout containers: alone and unaffiliated. Individual hackers rarely influence history, the actions of large corporations, or the governments of the world—unless they can somehow work together and form a collective. The hacktivist group Anonymous seems to have achieved this goal.48
The group’s beginnings can be traced back to 2003, when individual hackers began posting proposals for collective action on an Internet forum called 4-chan, a simple image-based bulletin board where anyone can post comments and share images—and one of the least regulated parts of the Internet in the early 2000s. At first, the idea was the adoption of a decentralized online community that could act anonymously, but in a coordinated manner. Group actions were usually aligned toward some nebulous goal, with the primary focus being on the members’ own entertainment. For example, Anonymous members hacked the copy-protect codes of DVDs and video games and posted them online. This action enabled other hackers to disable the copy protection and copy these products for free. As the movement grew, some members began to see the potential for greater social and political activity, and social “hacktivism” was born.49
Anonymous has no leader or formal decision-making mechanism. “Anyone who wants to can be Anonymous and work toward a set of goals…” a member of Anonymous explained. “We have this agenda that we all agree on and we all coordinate and act, but all act independently toward it, without any want for recognition. We just want to get something that we feel is important done…”50
Anonymous’ first move toward a political action came in the form of a distributed denialof- service (DDoS) attack on the Church of Scientology in 2008. The church had made an attempt to remove an interview with Tom Cruise, a famous church member, from the Internet.51 The church felt the video injured its image. It succeeded in removing the video from YouTube and other Web sites, but Anonymous posted the video on the Gawker Web site.52 The effort gave Anonymous a sense of the power it could harness.53
As the movement grew, Anonymous expanded its targets and attracted media attention. After the Web site WikiLeaks, which relied on donations to support its operations, released large collections of classified American military documents and diplomatic cables, PayPal, MasterCard, and Bank of America announced that they would no longer process donations to WikiLeaks. This action threatened to put the WikiLeaks Web site out of business. In response, Anonymous launched major DDoS attacks on the Web sites of these financial companies. In 2012, Anonymous published the names and credit card information of the subscribers to a newsletter published by the international security think tank, Stratfor, which Anonymous viewed as a reactionary force both online and in the real world. Stratfor customer credit cards were used to make over $500,000 in fraudulent donations to various charities.54 Also in 2012, Anonymous attacked the regime of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. In this instance, Anonymous went beyond DDoS attacks on government sites and actually set up satellite transmission stations in all the major cities across Syria to serve as independent media centers in anticipation of the Syrian government’s efforts to cut off its citizens from the Internet.55
In response to the suicide of Internet activist Aaron Swartz in early 2013, Anonymous briefly corrupted the Web site of the U.S. Sentencing Commission and threatened to release sensitive information concerning the U.S. Department of Justice. Anonymous blamed the justice system for Swartz’s suicide, claiming that prosecutors were pursuing “highly disproportionate sentencing” in cases against some of its members and others, like Swartz, who championed open access to online documents. Swartz was facing federal charges that he stole millions of online documents and could have served up to 35 years in prison.56
The group’s strategy of using DDoS attacks and publishing personal information is illegal and has exposed numerous members of the collective to police inquiry and legal problems. The Interpol international policing body has been particularly active in its pursuit of Anonymous members. In early 2012, as part of Interpol’s efforts, 25 Anonymous members were arrested in four different countries.57 Furthermore, an influential member of the collective, known online as “Sabu,” was recently outed as an FBI informant. After participating in the Stratfor hack, Sabu gave information to the FBI leading to the arrest of several Anonymous senior members.58 However, after the revelation that one of their own had cooperated with the FBI’s efforts against the group, one member posted the following: “Don’t you get it by now?#Anonymous is an idea. #Anonymous is a movement.
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The popular conception of hackers is one of young men sitting in dark basement rooms for hours upon end, surrounded by empty takeout containers: alone and unaffiliated. Individual hackers rarely influence history, the actions of large corporations, or the governments of the world—unless they can somehow work together and form a collective. The hacktivist group Anonymous seems to have achieved this goal.48 The group’s beginnings can be traced back to 2003, when individual hackers began posting proposals for collective action on an Internet forum called 4-chan, a simple image-based bulletin board where anyone can post comments and share images—and one of the least regulated parts of the Internet in the early 2000s. At first, the idea was the adoption of a decentralized online community that could act anonymously, but in a coordinated manner. Group actions were usually aligned toward some nebulous goal, with the primary focus being on the members’ own entertainment. For example, Anonymous members hacked the copy-protect codes of DVDs and video games and posted them online. This action enabled other hackers to disable the copy protection and copy these products for free. As the movement grew, some members began to see the potential for greater social and political activity, and social “hacktivism” was born.49 Anonymous has no leader or formal decision-making mechanism. “Anyone who wants to can be Anonymous and work toward a set of goals…” a member of Anonymous explained. “We have this agenda that we all agree on and we all coordinate and act, but all act independently toward it, without any want for recognition. We just want to get something that we feel is important done…”50 Anonymous’ first move toward a political action came in the form of a distributed denialof- service (DDoS) attack on the Church of Scientology in 2008. The church had made an attempt to remove an interview with Tom Cruise, a famous church member, from the Internet.51 The church felt the video injured its image. It succeeded in removing the video from YouTube and other Web sites, but Anonymous posted the video on the Gawker Web site.52 The effort gave Anonymous a sense of the power it could harness.53 As the movement grew, Anonymous expanded its targets and attracted media attention. After the Web site WikiLeaks, which relied on donations to support its operations, released large collections of classified American military documents and diplomatic cables, PayPal, MasterCard, and Bank of America announced that they would no longer process donations to WikiLeaks. This action threatened to put the WikiLeaks Web site out of business. In response, Anonymous launched major DDoS attacks on the Web sites of these financial companies. In 2012, Anonymous published the names and credit card information of the subscribers to a newsletter published by the international security think tank, Stratfor, which Anonymous viewed as a reactionary force both online and in the real world. Stratfor customer credit cards were used to make over $500,000 in fraudulent donations to various charities.54 Also in 2012, Anonymous attacked the regime of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. In this instance, Anonymous went beyond DDoS attacks on government sites and actually set up satellite transmission stations in all the major cities across Syria to serve as independent media centers in anticipation of the Syrian government’s efforts to cut off its citizens from the Internet.55 In response to the suicide of Internet activist Aaron Swartz in early 2013, Anonymous briefly corrupted the Web site of the U.S. Sentencing Commission and threatened to release sensitive information concerning the U.S. Department of Justice. Anonymous blamed the justice system for Swartz’s suicide, claiming that prosecutors were pursuing “highly disproportionate sentencing” in cases against some of its members and others, like Swartz, who championed open access to online documents. Swartz was facing federal charges that he stole millions of online documents and could have served up to 35 years in prison.56 The group’s strategy of using DDoS attacks and publishing personal information is illegal and has exposed numerous members of the collective to police inquiry and legal problems. The Interpol international policing body has been particularly active in its pursuit of Anonymous members. In early 2012, as part of Interpol’s efforts, 25 Anonymous members were arrested in four different countries.57 Furthermore, an influential member of the collective, known online as “Sabu,” was recently outed as an FBI informant. After participating in the Stratfor hack, Sabu gave information to the FBI leading to the arrest of several Anonymous senior members.58 However, after the revelation that one of their own had cooperated with the FBI’s efforts against the group, one member posted the following: “Don’t you get it by now?#Anonymous is an idea. #Anonymous is a movement.
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Konsep tentang hacker adalah salah satu laki-laki muda duduk di kamar bawah tanah yang gelap selama berjam-jam pada akhir, dikelilingi oleh wadah takeout kosong: sendirian dan tidak terafiliasi. Hacker individu jarang mempengaruhi sejarah, tindakan perusahaan besar, atau pemerintah dunia-kecuali mereka entah bagaimana dapat bekerja sama dan membentuk sebuah kolektif. Kelompok hacktivist Anonymous tampaknya telah mencapai ini goal.48
awal kelompok ini dapat ditelusuri kembali ke tahun 2003, ketika hacker individu mulai mem-posting proposal untuk tindakan kolektif pada sebuah forum internet yang disebut 4-chan, sebuah berbasis gambar papan buletin sederhana di mana siapa pun bisa mengirimkan komentar dan berbagi gambar-dan salah satu bagian paling diatur Internet di awal 2000-an. Pada awalnya, ide itu adopsi dari komunitas online desentralisasi yang bisa bertindak secara anonim, tetapi dalam cara yang terkoordinasi. Tindakan kelompok biasanya selaras ke arah tujuan yang samar-samar, dengan fokus utama berada di anggota 'hiburan sendiri. Sebagai contoh, anggota Anonymous meng-hack kode copy-protect DVD dan video game dan diposting secara online. Tindakan ini memungkinkan hacker lain untuk menonaktifkan perlindungan salinan dan menyalin produk ini secara gratis. Sebagai gerakan tumbuh, beberapa anggota mulai melihat potensi untuk kegiatan sosial dan politik yang lebih besar, dan sosial "hacktivism" adalah born.49
Anonymous tidak memiliki pemimpin atau mekanisme pengambilan keputusan formal. "Siapa pun yang ingin bisa Anonymous dan bekerja ke arah satu set tujuan ..." anggota dari Anonymous menjelaskan. "Kami memiliki agenda ini yang kita semua setuju dan kita semua berkoordinasi dan bertindak, tetapi semua bertindak secara independen ke arah itu, tanpa keinginan untuk pengakuan. Kami hanya ingin mendapatkan sesuatu yang kita rasa penting dilakukan ... "50
langkah pertama Anonymous 'menuju tindakan politik datang dalam bentuk serangan didistribusikan layanan denialof- (DDoS) pada Gereja Scientology pada tahun 2008. Gereja telah membuat mencoba untuk menghapus sebuah wawancara dengan Tom Cruise, anggota gereja yang terkenal, dari Internet.51 gereja merasa video terluka citranya. Hal ini berhasil dalam menghilangkan video dari YouTube dan situs lainnya, tapi Anonymous diposting video di Web Gawker site.52 upaya memberi Anonymous rasa kekuatan itu bisa harness.53
Sebagai gerakan tumbuh, Anonymous memperluas target dan menarik perhatian media. Setelah Web situs WikiLeaks, yang mengandalkan sumbangan untuk mendukung operasinya, merilis koleksi besar dokumen militer Amerika rahasia dan kabel diplomatik, PayPal, MasterCard, dan Bank of America mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan sumbangan proses tidak lagi WikiLeaks. Tindakan ini mengancam untuk menempatkan situs Web WikiLeaks keluar dari bisnis. Sebagai tanggapan, Anonymous melancarkan serangan DDoS besar pada situs web dari perusahaan-perusahaan keuangan. Pada tahun 2012, Anonymous mempublikasikan nama-nama dan informasi kartu kredit dari pelanggan untuk newsletter yang diterbitkan oleh tank keamanan think internasional, Stratfor, yang dilihat Anonymous sebagai kekuatan reaksioner baik online dan di dunia nyata. Kartu kredit pelanggan Stratfor digunakan untuk membuat lebih dari $ 500.000 dalam sumbangan penipuan ke berbagai charities.54 Juga pada tahun 2012, Anonymous menyerang rezim Presiden Suriah Bashar al-Assad. Dalam hal ini, Anonymous melampaui serangan DDoS pada situs pemerintah dan benar-benar mengatur stasiun transmisi satelit di semua kota besar di seluruh Suriah untuk melayani pusat-pusat media independen dalam mengantisipasi upaya pemerintah Suriah untuk memotong warganya dari Internet.55
di menanggapi bunuh diri aktivis Internet Aaron Swartz di awal 2013, Anonymous sebentar rusak situs Web Komisi Hukuman AS dan mengancam untuk melepaskan informasi sensitif mengenai Departemen Kehakiman AS. Anonymous menyalahkan sistem peradilan untuk bunuh diri Swartz, mengklaim bahwa jaksa sedang mengejar "hukuman yang sangat tidak proporsional" dalam kasus-kasus terhadap beberapa anggotanya dan lain-lain, seperti Swartz, yang dijagokan akses terbuka untuk dokumen online. Swartz menghadapi tuduhan federal bahwa ia mencuri jutaan dokumen online dan bisa melayani hingga 35 tahun di prison.56
strategi kelompok ini menggunakan serangan DDoS dan mempublikasikan informasi pribadi adalah ilegal dan telah terkena banyak anggota kolektif untuk penyelidikan polisi dan hukum masalah. Interpol kepolisian internasional tubuh telah sangat aktif dalam mengejar anggota Anonymous. Pada awal 2012, sebagai bagian dari upaya Interpol, 25 anggota Anonymous ditangkap di empat countries.57 berbeda jauh lagi, seorang anggota berpengaruh dari kolektif, yang dikenal secara online sebagai "Sabu," baru-baru ini outed sebagai informan FBI. Setelah berpartisipasi dalam hack Stratfor, Sabu memberi informasi kepada FBI yang mengarah ke penangkapan beberapa anggota.58 senior yang Anonymous Namun, setelah wahyu bahwa salah satu dari mereka telah bekerja sama dengan upaya FBI terhadap kelompok, salah satu anggota diposting berikut: "Apakah Anda tidak mendapatkannya sekarang? #Anonymous adalah sebuah ide. #Anonymous Adalah gerakan.
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