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Bahasa Indonesia) 1:
[Salinan]Disalin!
Of the second form of colonial Islamic revivalism, examples are theMuhammadiyyah and Nahdatu ul-Ulama organizations in Indonesia, establishedin the first half of the twentieth century.13 One might also add theMuslim Brotherhood of Egypt and the Jama‘at al-Islami of India. These weremass-oriented social and religious movements committed to ambitiousprograms such as the reform of Islamic education or the control of politicalauthority in preparation for implementing the Shari‘ah in the larger Islamicsociety.With the onset of the nation-state in the Muslim world in the middle of thetwentieth century and the supervision of the religious institution by the state,coupled with the failure of the nation-state on many fronts, post-colonialforms of Islamic revivalism came into being, some of which reflected extremistinterpretations of religion and resorted to violence to achieve their objectives.The Egyptian Jihad of the 1970s and 1980s is a case in point.The Taliban stands to be one of the major Islamist movements which aroseat the time of disintegration of the nation-state in Afghanistan. The Talibanemerged in response to the failure of the secular nation-state to build a newcivil society and also to the failure of the urban Islamist movement inAfghanistan to arrest the further disintegration of the state, especially in thewake of the withdrawal of Soviet forces in the late 1980s.14 The Taliban movementwas formed in the context of the chaos in the country in the 1990s, especiallyafter the “Americans had turned their backs on the ruins ofAfghanistan.”15It is clear that the most significant post-nation-state Islamist movements,that is, the Egyptian Jihad, the bin Laden movement, which must be examinedagainst the wider context of Saudi Arabia in the 1970s and 1980s, and theTaliban, appeared at major historical junctures in contemporary Islamichistory, precisely when secularism and the nation-state became exhausted,and when new possibilities of establishing a novel Islamist order seemed toarise
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