How Nonverbal Signals Affect Verbal Discourse

How Nonverbal Signals Affect Verbal

How Nonverbal Signals Affect Verbal Discourse "Psychologists Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen (1969), in discussing the interdependence that exists between nonverbal and verbal messages, identified six important ways that nonverbal communication directly affects our verbal discourse. "First, we can use nonverbal signals to emphasize our words. All good speakers know how to do this with forceful gestures, changes in vocal volume or speech rate, deliberate pauses, and so forth. . . . "Second, our nonverbal behavior can repeat what we say. We can say yes to someone while nodding our head . . .. "Third, nonverbal signals can substitute for words. Often, there isn't much need to put things in words. A simple gesture can suffice (e.g., shaking your head to say no, using the thumbs-up sign to say 'Nice job,' etc.). . . . "Fourth, we can use nonverbal signals to regulate speech. Called turn-taking signals, these gestures and vocalizations make it possible for us to alternate the conversational roles of speaking and listening. . . . "Fifth, nonverbal messages sometimes contradict what we say. A friend tells us she had a great time at the beach, but we're not sure because her voice is flat and her face lacks emotion. . . . "Finally, we can use nonverbal signals to complement the verbal content of our message. . . . Being upset could mean we feel angry, depressed, disappointed, or just a bit on edge. Nonverbal signals can help to clarify the words we use and reveal the true nature of our feelings." (Martin S. Remland, Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, 2004)
Deceptive Studies "Traditionally, experts tend to agree that nonverbal communication itself carries the impact of a message. 'The figure most cited to support this claim is the estimate that 93 percent of all meaning in a social situation comes from nonverbal information, while only 7 percent comes from verbal information.' The figure is deceiving, however. It is based on two 1976 studies that compared vocal cues with facial cues. While other studies have not supported the 93 percent, it is agreed that both children and adults rely more on nonverbal cues than on verbal cues in interpreting the messages of others." (Roy M. Berko et al., Communicating: A Social and Career Focus, 10th ed. Houghton Mifflin, 2007)
Nonverbal Miscommunication "Like the rest of us, airport security screeners like to think they can read body language. The Transportation Security Administration has spent some $1 billion training thousands of 'behavior detection officers' to look for facial expressions and other nonverbal clues that would identify terrorists. "But critics say there’s no evidence that these efforts have stopped a single terrorist or accomplished much beyond inconveniencing tens of thousands of passengers a year. The T.S.A. seems to have fallen for a classic form of self-deception: the belief that you can read liars’ minds by watching their bodies. "Most people think liars give themselves away by averting their eyes or making nervous gestures, and many law-enforcement officers have been trained to look for specific tics, like gazing upward in a certain manner. But in scientific experiments, people do a lousy job of spotting liars. Law-enforcement officers and other presumed experts are not consistently better at it than ordinary people even though they’re more confident in their abilities." (John Tierney, "At Airports, a Misplaced Faith in Body Language." The New York Times, March 23, 2014)
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How Nonverbal Signals Affect Verbal Discourse "Psychologists Paul Ekman and Wallace Friesen (1969), in discussing the interdependence that exists between nonverbal and verbal messages, identified six important ways that nonverbal communication directly affects our verbal discourse. "First, we can use nonverbal signals to emphasize our words. All good speakers know how to do this with forceful gestures, changes in vocal volume or speech rate, deliberate pauses, and so forth. . . . "Second, our nonverbal behavior can repeat what we say. We can say yes to someone while nodding our head . . .. "Third, nonverbal signals can substitute for words. Often, there isn't much need to put things in words. A simple gesture can suffice (e.g., shaking your head to say no, using the thumbs-up sign to say 'Nice job,' etc.). . . . "Fourth, we can use nonverbal signals to regulate speech. Called turn-taking signals, these gestures and vocalizations make it possible for us to alternate the conversational roles of speaking and listening. . . . "Fifth, nonverbal messages sometimes contradict what we say. A friend tells us she had a great time at the beach, but we're not sure because her voice is flat and her face lacks emotion. . . . "Finally, we can use nonverbal signals to complement the verbal content of our message. . . . Being upset could mean we feel angry, depressed, disappointed, or just a bit on edge. Nonverbal signals can help to clarify the words we use and reveal the true nature of our feelings." (Martin S. Remland, Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, 2004)Deceptive Studies "Traditionally, experts tend to agree that nonverbal communication itself carries the impact of a message. 'The figure most cited to support this claim is the estimate that 93 percent of all meaning in a social situation comes from nonverbal information, while only 7 percent comes from verbal information.' The figure is deceiving, however. It is based on two 1976 studies that compared vocal cues with facial cues. While other studies have not supported the 93 percent, it is agreed that both children and adults rely more on nonverbal cues than on verbal cues in interpreting the messages of others." (Roy M. Berko et al., Communicating: A Social and Career Focus, 10th ed. Houghton Mifflin, 2007)Nonverbal Miscommunication "Like the rest of us, airport security screeners like to think they can read body language. The Transportation Security Administration has spent some $1 billion training thousands of 'behavior detection officers' to look for facial expressions and other nonverbal clues that would identify terrorists. "But critics say there’s no evidence that these efforts have stopped a single terrorist or accomplished much beyond inconveniencing tens of thousands of passengers a year. The T.S.A. seems to have fallen for a classic form of self-deception: the belief that you can read liars’ minds by watching their bodies. "Most people think liars give themselves away by averting their eyes or making nervous gestures, and many law-enforcement officers have been trained to look for specific tics, like gazing upward in a certain manner. But in scientific experiments, people do a lousy job of spotting liars. Law-enforcement officers and other presumed experts are not consistently better at it than ordinary people even though they’re more confident in their abilities." (John Tierney, "At Airports, a Misplaced Faith in Body Language." The New York Times, March 23, 2014)
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Bagaimana Sinyal nonverbal Mempengaruhi Verbal Wacana "Psikolog Paul Ekman dan Wallace Friesen (1969), dalam membahas saling ketergantungan yang ada antara pesan nonverbal dan verbal, mengidentifikasi enam cara penting bahwa komunikasi nonverbal secara langsung mempengaruhi wacana lisan kita." Pertama, kita dapat menggunakan sinyal nonverbal untuk menekankan kata-kata kita. Semua pembicara yang baik tahu bagaimana melakukan ini dengan gerakan yang kuat, perubahan volume atau pidato tingkat vokal, jeda yang disengaja, dan sebagainya. . . . "Kedua, perilaku nonverbal kami dapat mengulangi apa yang kita katakan. Kita bisa mengatakan ya kepada seseorang sambil menganggukkan kepala kita.. .." Ketiga, sinyal nonverbal dapat menggantikan kata-kata. Seringkali, tidak ada banyak kebutuhan untuk meletakkan segala sesuatu dalam kata-kata. Sebuah sikap sederhana dapat cukup (misalnya, menggelengkan kepala untuk mengatakan tidak, dengan menggunakan tanda acungan jempol untuk mengatakan 'pekerjaan yang bagus, "dll). . . . "Keempat, kita dapat menggunakan sinyal nonverbal untuk mengatur pidato. Sinyal giliran yang disebut, gerakan ini dan vokalisasi memungkinkan bagi kita untuk alternatif peran percakapan berbicara dan mendengarkan...." Kelima, pesan nonverbal kadang-kadang bertentangan dengan apa yang kita katakan . Seorang teman mengatakan ia memiliki waktu yang tepat di pantai, tapi kami tidak yakin karena suaranya datar dan wajahnya tidak memiliki emosi. . . . "Akhirnya, kita dapat menggunakan sinyal nonverbal untuk melengkapi isi verbal pesan kami.... Menjadi marah bisa berarti kita merasa marah, depresi, kecewa, atau hanya sedikit di tepi. Sinyal nonverbal dapat membantu untuk memperjelas kata-kata yang kita gunakan dan mengungkapkan sifat sebenarnya dari perasaan kita. " (Martin S. Remland, Komunikasi nonverbal di Kehidupan Sehari-hari, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, 2004)
Studi Menipu "Secara tradisional, para ahli cenderung setuju bahwa komunikasi nonverbal itu sendiri membawa dampak pesan." Sosok yang paling dikutip untuk mendukung klaim ini perkiraan bahwa 93 persen dari semua makna dalam situasi sosial berasal dari informasi nonverbal, sementara hanya 7 persen berasal dari informasi verbal. " Angka tersebut menipu, namun. Hal ini didasarkan pada dua 1976 studi yang membandingkan isyarat vokal dengan isyarat wajah. Sementara penelitian lain tidak didukung 93 persen, disepakati bahwa kedua anak-anak dan orang dewasa lebih mengandalkan isyarat nonverbal dari pada petunjuk verbal dalam menafsirkan pesan dari orang lain. " (. Roy M. Berko et al, Berkomunikasi:. Sebuah Sosial dan Karir Focus, 10 ed Houghton Mifflin, 2007)
Nonverbal Miskomunikasi "Seperti kita semua, pemeriksa keamanan bandara suka berpikir mereka bisa membaca bahasa tubuh Administrasi Keamanan Transportasi. telah menghabiskan beberapa $ 1000000000 ribuan pelatihan 'deteksi perilaku petugas untuk mencari ekspresi wajah dan petunjuk nonverbal lainnya yang akan mengidentifikasi teroris. "Namun kritikus mengatakan tidak ada bukti bahwa upaya ini telah berhenti teroris tunggal atau dicapai lebih jauh merepotkan puluhan ribu penumpang per tahun. TSA tampaknya telah jatuh untuk bentuk klasik menipu diri sendiri: keyakinan bahwa Anda dapat membaca pikiran pembohong 'dengan menonton tubuh mereka. "Kebanyakan orang berpikir pembohong menyerahkan diri pergi dengan mengalihkan pandangan mereka atau membuat gerakan gugup, dan banyak petugas penegak hukum telah dilatih untuk mencari tics tertentu, seperti menatap ke atas dengan cara tertentu. Namun dalam percobaan ilmiah, orang melakukan pekerjaan yang buruk bercak pembohong. petugas hukum-penegak dan ahli dianggap lainnya tidak konsisten lebih jago daripada orang biasa meskipun mereka lebih percaya diri dalam kemampuan mereka. " (John Tierney, "Pada Bandara, seorang Misplaced Iman di Bahasa Tubuh." The New York Times, 23 Maret 2014)
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