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The typical 4 - year - old child passes the “ false belief ” test, recognizing when someone else has a mistaken belief about the world (Wimmer & Perner, 1983 ). Most children with autism and Asperger syndrome are delayed in passing this test (Baron - Cohen et al., 1985 ). • Deception is easily understood by the typical 4 - year - old child (Sodian & Frith, 1992 ). Children with autism and Asperger syndrome tend to assume everyone is telling the truth, and may be shocked by the idea that other people may not say what they mean (Baron - Cohen, 1992 ; Baron - Cohen, 2007a ). The typical 9 - year - old can figure out what might hurt another ’ s feelings and what might therefore be better left unspoken – faux pas . Children with Asperger syndrome are delayed by around 3 years in this skill, despite their normal IQ (Baron - Cohen, O ’ Riordan, Jones, Stone, & Plaisted, 1999 ). • The typical 9 - year - old can interpret another person ’ s expressions from their eyes, to fi gure out what they might be thinking or feeling (see figure 24.1 ). Children with Asperger syndrome tend to fi nd such tests far more diffi cult (Baron - Cohen, Wheelwright, Scahill, Lawson, & Spong, 2001 ), and the same is true when the adult test of reading the mind in the eyes is used (fi gure 24.2 ). Adults with autism and Asperger syndrome score below average on this test of advanced mindreading (Baron - Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001 ).
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