'Archaeology of an Australian Steam

'Archaeology of an Australian Steam Tug ~ The SS Dumaresq.'


Dr Michael MacLellan Tracey BA (Hons) (ANU), PhD (ANU).






Copyright

The Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology and this paper are copyright. Apart from any fair dealings for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any means without permission. Enquires should be made to the Publisher or Author.



Bibliographic Reference:

Tracey, M, M., 2009., 'Archaeology of an Australian Steam Tug ~ The SS Dumaresq', Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 33; 32-47.


Archaeology of an Australian Steam Tug ~ The SS Dumaresq.


Michael MacLellan Tracey

Inhabitants in Australia, an island continent, have depended on some form of watercraft for thousands of years. Upon European settlement traditional dugout and bark canoes gave way to introduced shipbuilding technology. Although timber suitable for shipbuilding was available in the Colony of New South Wales its properties were poorly understood. Similarly, the timber industry depended upon men of decision, dedication and management, as well as workers and work boats to fulfil various entrepreneurial dreams. Work boats, such as steam-tugs were forgotten by history. This paper is an archaeological narrative of one such vessel.


Introduction

John Bach's classical ‘Maritime History of Australia’ remains the definitive historical, publication regarding the history of the Australian shipping industry. While archaeologists have explored isolated wrecks strewn along the Australian coastline, minimal investigation has been undertaken of shipbuilding processes, launching methods, operating procedures or of those who built, operated and maintained the vessels. Ships are constructed with defined purposes e.g. to travel, trade, exploit and to offend or defend. A vessel represents the intent and pride of her owner, the scientific and technological excellence of her builder and seamanship skills of her Master. A seagoing vessel represented the best applied technology of the day. However, it will be demonstrated certain decisions regarding the SS Dumaresq contradict this statement. Shipwright Alfred William Morrow Settree was a descendant of a pioneering family synonymous with wooden shipbuilding on the east coast of Australia, and in particular, New South Wales. The practice of shipbuilding, inherent skills and imported traditions was carried on for more than a century in successive generations of this family.



A Dynasty of Shipwrights of Convict Origin

The Settree family’s patriarch in Australia, James Settree (1775-1827), a butcher, was convicted and sentenced to death at the Old Bailey, London, for stealing a heifer (Old Bailey Proceedings 19 February 1812). His sentence was commuted to transportation for life to the penal colony of New South Wales. James arrived on board the Brig Fortune to Port Jackson in 1813 and was assigned to the Government Slaughter House where he continued his trade (SRNSW, 17 September 1817:605). At this time the Colony was struggling to supply food and necessities for its increasing population. Convicts, particularly those from semi-skilled occupations were immediately put to work in their known professions. James Settree’s experience as a butcher would no doubt have been utilised to full advantage by his overseers.



The standard of living, tastes of the settlers and the isolation of the colony created a strong demand for consumer and producer goods requiring non-rural occupational skills which the convict workers were able to provide (Nicholas and Shergold 1988:8).



The employment of a convict in their chosen profession or trade may have meant a slightly more stable and easier lifestyle, however that by no means meant that the colonial government considered a convict anything but a commodity. John Macarthur, a leader in industry in the Colony, wrote:



If the Colony is to be continued a receptacle for Convicts and if it be required, that they shall be retained in proper subjection, that they shall be compelled to procure by their own labour their own subsistence … (Onslow 1914:349).



Marines and free-settlers initially provided the nucleus of trades to the Colony of New South Wales. While the need for technical labour was evident many marines were experienced in various trades including mining and the secondary usage of mining products. However, Macquarie was well aware of the immediate disbursement of skilled convict labour to meet the demands of the settlers. King (1957:21) comments on Macquarie’s anxiousness for trained or experienced labour:



Macquarie was irritated by the fact that for those of the convicts who were mechanics and artisans he was plagued with requests from important settlers, but for no other class of prisoner did any demand exist and these remained the governor’s responsibility.



Ann Morrow (1776-1852), James Settree’s wife, was reunited with her husband following her arrival in the Colony in 1817 aboard Lord Melville. Their two sons James Robert Settree, aged four years, and Joseph Settree aged eleven years, had accompanied their mother on the voyage. The family prospered in the harsh conditions and their son Robert was born in 1817 followed in 1820, by their fourth son, Alfred William Morrow Settree. James Settree died in 1827. Ann Morrow Settree then married Fredereik Wilhelm Reics, also a butcher by trade, at Scots Presbyterian Church, Sydney on 29 March 1830 (NSW Births Deaths and Marriages Index V1830139 73A/1830). James Robert Settree, James and Ann's eldest son, was, by this time, indentured to R. Williams of Castlereagh Street, Sydney as an apprentice shipwright. James’ commencement of his apprenticeship began the Settree dynasty of shipbuilders.



The Settree’s second son, Joseph, had gone to sea as a cabin boy, eventually qualified as a Ship’s Mate and subsequently applied to Governor Darling for a land grant. After some contention with the regulations, and with the assistance of his mother who had gained considerable respect in the Colony, he was allocated his land grant of 60 acres at Goonoora, Settree Farm, at the northern end of Brisbane Water (SRNSW, 1830-1832). His mother and stepfather also lived on the Woy Woy Bay property. However, in December 1840 while Joseph was serving aboard the whaler Mary, the vessel encountered a cyclone near Lachlan Island off the New Guinea coast. The Mary was wrecked, Joseph Settree drowned and other survivors were eventually found in 1842 by the whaler Jane. When Joseph’s death was confirmed, his land holding, Settree Farm, passed to his brother Alfred William Morrow Settree.



Alfred William Morrow Settree (1820–1906) was a highly experienced mariner. He was born in Sydney on 25 February 1820 while his parents, James and Ann Settree were living at 32 Cumberland Street, The Rocks (Gulley, n/d, unpub. Mss). At the age of twenty he was master of the cutter Traveller's Bride built in 1840 for William Ward. He also served on many other vessels, several of which were owned by his stepfather, F.W. Reics. Settree developed a close association with many local Aborigines and obtained an appointment to the Native Institution Committee hoping that he could be instrumental in conversion of the Aborigines to European customs. Settree persisted despite the earlier experiences of Samuel Marsden who had:



... disengaged himself from the Native Institution, not to create difficulties, but because of his doubt that the aborigines could be converted to the habits of the whites… (Ritchie 1970:202).



A.W.M. Settree married Martha Sawyer in Sydney in 1844. Their first son, Alfred William Robert (A.W.R) Settree, was born in 1845, followed by three other children, Mary Amilia, Martha and a son who died in infancy. Following his wife’s death, A.W.M. Settree married Maria Bateman in 1855 and moved from Sydney to Cockle Bay at Brisbane Water (NSW BDM, V1855253). A.W.M. Settree retained ownership of Joseph's original land grant Settree Farm until it was sold to Edward Fagan in 1882. Maria and A.W.M. Settree raised eleven children. In 1886 Settree purchased an acre of land from Benjamin Davis near the Davis Brothers shipyard where A.W.R. Settree was an apprentice shipwright. In 1869, early in his shipbuilding career, Alfred built the ketch Day Dawn.The hull of the ship was built from spotted gum (Eucalypt maculata). In discussions with A.W. Settree in 1994, Settree stated that when building a hull, his father and grandfather ‘almost always used spotted gum as it worked well’.



Following the completion of this vessel, young Alfred’s business prospered given the reputation earned under the expertise of his father as Master and part owner. On 20 April 1871, Alfred married Mary Woodward of Kincumber, NSW, and by 1874 he had built and launched the brig Endeavour and the cutter Sylph in Davistown. These successful projects were followed in 1876 with completion of the brig Edith Settree named after their daughter. Tragically, Edith Emma Settree, aged four years, died as a result of scarlet fever shortly after the vessel was launched (NSW BDMs, 5263/1876). The ship was renamed Edith Keep and was lost at sea on a voyage from Port Jacksonto the Richmond River in 1880.



Alfred William Morrow Settree II (1877- 1957), the eldest son of Alfred William Robert Settree and Mary Woodward, was born in Davistown, NSW in 1877 (NSW BDM 9283/1977). The family moved to Balmain in 1886 and Alfred attended Fort Street High School. Following the tradition of Settree generations before him, A.W.M. Settree went to sea as a cabin boy about 1892 before departing to New Zealand to become an apprentice shipbuilder. There he began his trade with Lane and Brown, Shipbuilders and Sawmillers of Totara, Whangaroa, in 1896 (Kerr 1985:138). Settree returned to

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

' Archaeology of tarik uap Australia ~ SS Dumaresq.'Dr Michael MacLellan Tracey BA (Hons) (ANU), PhD (ANU). Hak ciptaBuletin lembaga Australia Maritime arkeologi dan karya ini hak cipta. Terlepas dari setiap hubungan yang adil untuk tujuan belajar, riset, kritik atau tinjauan yang diizinkan di bawah undang-undang hak cipta, tidak ada bagian dapat direproduksi dengan cara apapun tanpa izin. Pertanyaan harus dibuat untuk penerbit atau penulis.Bibliografi referensi:Tracey, M, M., 2009., ' Archaeology of tarik uap Australia ~ SS Dumaresq', buletin diterbitkan oleh Australasian Institute untuk arkeologi Maritim, 33; 32-47. Arkeologi tarik uap Australia ~ SS Dumaresq. Michael MacLellan TraceyPenduduk di Australia, benua pulau, tergantung pada beberapa bentuk perahu selama ribuan tahun. Berdasarkan pemukiman Eropa tradisional dugout dan kulit kano memberi jalan untuk teknologi pembuatan kapal diperkenalkan. Walaupun cocok untuk pembuatan kapal kayu tersedia dalam koloni New South Wales sifat kurang dipahami. Demikian pula, industri kayu bergantung pada laki-laki dari keputusan, dedikasi dan manajemen, serta pekerja dan perahu bekerja untuk memenuhi impian kewirausahaan berbagai. Bekerja kapal, seperti uap-tarikan yang dilupakan oleh sejarah. Karya ini adalah cerita arkeologi satu kapal tersebut. PendahuluanJohn Bach's klasik 'Maritim sejarah Australia' tetap publikasi sejarah, definitif tentang sejarah industri perkapalan Australia. Sementara arkeolog telah menjelajahi bangkai kapal terisolasi yang bertebaran di sepanjang pesisir Australia, minimal investigasi yang telah dilakukan proses pembuatan kapal, meluncurkan metode, prosedur operasional atau orang-orang yang dibangun, dioperasikan dan dipelihara pembuluh. Kapal yang dibangun dengan tujuan yang ditetapkan misalnya untuk perjalanan, perdagangan, mengeksploitasi dan untuk menyinggung atau mempertahankan. Kapal yang mewakili maksud dan kebanggaan pemilik nya, ilmiah dan teknologi keunggulan pembangun nya dan keterampilan Marlinspike tuannya. Sebuah perahu kapal diwakili teknologi terapan terbaik hari. Namun, itu akan menunjukkan keputusan tertentu mengenai SS Dumaresq bertentangan dengan pernyataan ini. Shipwright Alfred William Morrow Settree adalah keturunan perintis keluarga identik dengan kapal kayu di pesisir timur Australia, dan khususnya, New South Wales. Praktek pembuatan kapal, melekat keterampilan dan impor tradisi telah dilakukan selama lebih dari satu abad di generasi-generasi keluarga ini. Dinasti Shipwrights asal narapidanaPatriark keluarga Settree di Australia, James Settree (1775-1827), tukang daging, bersalah dan dijatuhi hukuman mati di Old Bailey, London, untuk mencuri seekor lembu betina (Old Bailey proses 19 Februari 1812). Hukumannya diubah ke transportasi untuk kehidupan koloni tahanan New South Wales. James tiba di Brig Fortune ke Port Jackson pada tahun 1813 dan ditugaskan ke rumah pembantaian pemerintah dimana dia meneruskan perdagangan (SRNSW, 1817:605 17 September). Saat ini koloni berjuang untuk memasok makanan dan kebutuhan untuk penduduknya meningkat. Narapidana, khususnya dari semi-terampil pekerjaan segera dimasukkan untuk bekerja dalam profesi mereka dikenal. James Settree pengalaman sebagai tukang daging akan tidak diragukan lagi telah digunakan untuk keuntungan penuh oleh Pengawas nya. Standar hidup, selera para pemukim dan isolasi koloni menciptakan permintaan yang kuat untuk konsumen dan produsen barang-barang yang memerlukan keterampilan kerja bebas-pedesaan yang pekerja narapidana yang mampu memberikan (Nicholas dan Shergold 1988:8). Pekerjaan seorang narapidana dalam memilih profesi atau perdagangan mungkin berarti gaya hidup sedikit lebih stabil dan lebih mudah, namun itu tidak berarti bahwa pemerintah kolonial dianggap sebagai seorang narapidana apa pun kecuali komoditas. John Macarthur, pemimpin dalam industri di koloni, menulis: Apakah koloni akan terus sebuah wadah untuk narapidana dan jika itu diperlukan, bahwa mereka harus dipertahankan dalam ketaatan yang tepat, bahwa mereka akan dipaksa untuk mendapatkan oleh tenaga kerja mereka sendiri subsisten mereka sendiri... (Onslow 1914:349). Marinir dan pemukim bebas awalnya disediakan inti perdagangan untuk koloni New South Wales. Sementara kebutuhan untuk tenaga kerja teknis jelas banyak Marinir yang berpengalaman dalam berbagai transaksi termasuk pertambangan dan sekunder penggunaan produk pertambangan. Namun, Macquarie adalah menyadari pencairan segera tenaga kerja terampil narapidana untuk memenuhi tuntutan para pemukim. Raja (1957:21) Komentar pada Macquarie kecemasan untuk tenaga kerja terlatih atau berpengalaman: Macquarie jengkel oleh fakta bahwa bagi para narapidana yang mekanika dan pengrajin dia terganggu dengan permintaan dari pemukim penting, tapi tidak ada kelas lain tahanan memang ada permintaan apapun dan tetap Gubernur tanggung jawab. Ann Morrow (1776-1852), James Settree istri, kembali dengan suaminya setelah kedatangannya di koloni pada tahun 1817 kapal Melville Tuhan. Mereka dua anak James Robert Settree, berusia empat tahun, dan Joseph Settree berusia sebelas tahun, disertai ibu mereka dalam perjalanan. Keluarga makmur dalam kondisi yang keras dan putra mereka Robert Lahir pada tahun 1817 diikuti pada tahun 1820, oleh anak keempat mereka, Alfred William Morrow Settree. James Settree meninggal tahun 1827. Ann Morrow Settree kemudian menikah Fredereik Wilhelm Reics, juga tukang daging oleh perdagangan, di Skotlandia Presbyterian Church, Sydney pada tanggal 29 Maret 1830 (NSW kematian kelahiran dan perkawinan indeks V1830139 73A/1830). James Robert Settree, James dan Ann's tertua anak, itu, saat ini, diwajibkan untuk R. Williams Castlereagh Street, Sydney sebagai magang shipwright. James' permulaan magang mulai Dinasti Settree pembuat kapal. Putra kedua Settree, Yusuf, pergi ke laut sebagai anak kabin, akhirnya memenuhi syarat sebagai sebuah kapal Mate dan kemudian diterapkan ke Darling Gubernur untuk hibah tanah. Setelah beberapa perselisihan dengan peraturan, dan dengan bantuan dari ibunya yang telah memperoleh banyak penghargaan di koloni, ia diberikan hibah tanah nya 60 hektar di Goonoora, Settree Farm, di ujung utara Brisbane air (SRNSW, 1830-1832). Ibu dan ayah tiri nya juga tinggal di properti Woy Woy Bay. Namun, pada Desember 1840 sementara Yusuf melayani kapal whaler Maria, kapal mengalami topan dekat Lachlan pulau lepas pantai New Guinea. Maria yang mengalami kecelakaan, Joseph Settree tenggelam dan Selamat lain akhirnya ditemukan pada tahun 1842 oleh whaler Jane. Ketika Joseph meninggal itu dikonfirmasi, tanahnya memegang, Settree Farm, melewati kepada saudaranya Alfred William Morrow Settree. Alfred William Morrow Settree (1820-1906) adalah seorang pelaut berpengalaman. Ia dilahirkan di Sydney pada 25 Februari 1820 sementara orangtuanya, James dan Ann Settree tinggal di 32 Cumberland Street, The Rocks (Gulley, n/d, unpub. SPM). Pada usia dua puluh ia adalah master Cutter Traveller's pengantin dibangun tahun 1840 untuk William Ward. Ia juga disajikan di banyak kapal-kapal lain, beberapa diantaranya dimiliki oleh tirinya, F.W. Reics. Settree mengembangkan hubungan dekat dengan banyak Aborigin setempat dan mendapatkan janji kepada Komite lembaga asli yang berharap bahwa ia bisa berperan dalam konversi suku Aborigin ke Eropa pabean. Settree bertahan meskipun pengalaman sebelumnya Samuel Marsden yang memiliki: ... melepaskan dirinya dari lembaga yang asli, tidak membuat kesulitan, tetapi karena ia keraguan bahwa suku Aborigin dapat dikonversi menjadi kebiasaan putih... (Ritchie 1970:202). A.W.M. Settree menikah Martha Sawyer di Sydney pada 1844. Putra pertama mereka, Settree Robert William Alfred (A.W.R), Lahir pada tahun 1845, diikuti oleh tiga anak lain, Amilia Maria, Marta dan seorang anak meninggal ketika masih bayi. Setelah kematian istrinya, A.W.M. Settree menikah Maria Bateman pada tahun 1855 dan pindah dari Sydney ke Cockle Bay di Brisbane Water (NSW BDM, V1855253). A.W.M. Settree mempertahankan kepemilikan Yusuf asli tanah hibah Settree Farm sampai itu dijual ke Edward Fagan pada tahun 1882. Maria dan A.W.M. Settree mengangkat anak-anak sebelas. Pada tahun 1886 Settree dibeli hektar tanah dari Benjamin Davis di dekat shipyard Davis saudara yang mana A.W.R. Settree adalah shipwright magang. Pada tahun 1869, di awal karirnya galangan kapal, Alfred dibangun dariNursari hari Dawn.The lambung kapal dibangun dari melihat karet (eukaliptus maculata). Dalam diskusi dengan A.W. Settree pada tahun 1994, Settree menyatakan bahwa ketika membangun hull, ayah dan kakeknya 'hampir selalu digunakan karet melihat seperti itu bekerja dengan baik'. Setelah selesai kapal ini, muda Alfred's bisnis makmur mengingat reputasi yang diterima di bawah keahlian ayahnya sebagai guru dan bagian pemilik. Pada 20 April 1871, Alfred menikah Mary Woodward Kincumber, NSW, dan oleh 1874 ia telah membangun dan meluncurkan brig usaha dan cutter Sylphid di Davistown. Proyek-proyek ini sukses yang diikuti pada 1876 dengan selesainya Brigjen Edith Settree dinamai putri mereka. Tragisnya, Edith Emma Settree, berusia empat tahun, meninggal akibat demam skarlatina tak lama setelah kapal diluncurkan (NSW BDMs, 5263/1876). Kapal ini berganti nama menjadi Edith Keep dan hilang di laut pada pelayaran dari Port Jacksonto Sungai Richmond pada tahun 1880. Alfred William Morrow Settree II (1877-1957), putra dari Alfred William Robert Settree dan Mary Woodward, lahir di Davistown, NSW tahun 1877 (NSW BDM 9283/1977). Keluarga pindah ke Balmain pada tahun 1886 dan Alfred bersekolah di Fort Street High School. Mengikuti tradisi Settree generasi sebelum dia, A.W.M. Settree pergi ke laut sebagai anak kabin tentang 1892 sebelum berangkat ke Selandia Baru untuk menjadi pembuat kapal magang. Sana ia mulai perdagangan dengan Lane dan coklat, pembuat kapal dan Sawmillers Totara, Whangaroa, pada tahun 1896 (Kerr 1985:138). Kembali ke Settree