Public Speaking Apprehension (PSA),
Motivation, and Affect among Accounting
Majors: A Proof-of-Concept Intervention
Tim C. Miller and Dan N. Stone
ABSTRACT: The importance of public speaking (PS) skills to professional accounting
success motivates improving students’ self-perceptions of these skills. In addition, evidence
of higher levels of public speaking apprehension (PSA) among accounting majors
makes understanding and working with students’ affective (emotive) reactions to
PS critical to their future success. In three studies, we design and implement an intervention
based on principles from self-determination theory (SDT) and motivational interviewing
(MI). Its purpose is to improve students’ PSA and PS motivation; it includes
substantive PS instruction, dialogues, nonjudgmental feedback, and interpersonal support.
The results of the three ‘‘proof-of-concept’’ interventions (Study 1, n 23; Study
2, n 14; Study 3, n 36) suggest improvements in students’ perceptions of their
PS cognition, motivation, and affect. Despite the limitations of self-reported measures
and exclusively graduate participants, the results suggest that (1) the interventions,
described in appendices, may merit replication and extension, and (2) SDT- and MIbased
interventions may prove useful in addressing aspects of accountancy pedagogy
that induce student apprehension.
INTRODUCTION Public speaking (PS) is an important determinant of professional accounting success.
For example, practice analyses and surveys indicate that oral communication is a core
function of professional accounting work (Albrecht and Sack 2000; National Center
for O*NET Development 2007; Siegel and Sorensen 1999). Accordingly, building communication
skills is of essential import to accounting students and the accounting curriculum.
In this paper, we focus on a subset of the communication skills needed for professional
success in accounting. Specifically, we investigate whether an intervention based on motivational
interviewing (MI) and self-determination theory (SDT) increases PS motivation
and reduces PSA (public speaking apprehension).
Oral communication apprehension (OCA) includes four related fears: group discussion,
meetings, interpersonal communication, and PS (McCroskey 1982; Aly and Islam 2003,
2005; Gardner et al. 2005). The clinically diagnosable fear of PS, called glossophobia, is
the most common adult phobia (irrational fear). For example, Stein et al. (1996) surveyed
Tim C. Miller is a Ph.D. candidate, and Dan N. Stone is a Professor, both at the University
of Kentucky.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the comments of Linda Rachula, John Hill, Red Medley, CandaceWitherspoon,
and two anonymous reviewers at the 2007 Accounting, Behavior, and Organizations (ABO) Conference; the comments
of the editor, Kent St. Pierre, and two anonymous reviewers; and financial support of the Gatton College of
Business and Economics and the Von Allmen School of Accountancy. Data are available from the first author.
266 Miller and Stone
Issues in Accounting Education, August 2009
499 Canadian residents and found evidence of glossophobia among one-third of respondents.
Evidence suggests that PS fear is more common than is the fear of death. For
example, large sample survey data indicates that about 42 percent of respondents had PSA
while only 19 percent feared death (Wallechinsky et al. 1977, 469–470). These data suggest
that Jerry Seinfeld’s quip that ‘‘the average person at a funeral would rather be in the casket
than doing the eulogy’’ may not be hyperbole (Wikipedia 2007). PS fear is not unique to
the untrained and uneducated; it is also common among senior managers (Anonymous
2007; Huber 2005).
Learning is often complicated by students’ cognitive (e.g., distracting thoughts) and
affective (e.g., fear) anticipations of and responses to learning content and educational
environments. Reducing glossophobia and improving PS skills is difficult because of the
complex interaction of cognitive, affective, and physiological anticipations and responses
to PS. Human and mammalian anticipations of and reactions to stressful events are often
referred to as the ‘‘fight or flight’’ response (Marmot and Wilkinson 2006). Glossophobia
is a dysfunctional reaction to the fight or flight response; it is characterized by negative
cognitions (e.g., ‘‘I’m going to fail.’’) and negative affect (e.g., feelings of fear and incompetence).
These mental changes are preceded, or triggered, by physiological and biological
stress responses that include an increased heart rate and the release of cortisol into the
blood stream, which increases blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and suppresses autoimmune
and immune system responses (al’Absi et al. 1997; Buchanan et al. 1999; Beatty and
Behnke 1991).1 These complex mental and physiological changes increase PSA and reduce
PS motivation, i.e., one’s willingness to seek or accept opportunities to speak in public.
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