Increased levels of distress for PW

Increased levels of distress for PWLD compared with
PWOD were found. The elevated levels, particularly
among persons aged 15 to 21 years (46% for males with
LD and 65% for females), may have been due to specific
stressors identified in the LD literature such as academic
or school-related stressors and peer-related stressors
(e.g., Geisthardt & Munsch, 1996; Raskind et al., 1999;
Wenz-Gross & Siperstein, 1998). That the stresses continue
beyond the school years may reflect the fact that
the same problems related to school learning are reported
as still problematic as adults (Gerber et al., 1990). In
non-LD studies, high levels of distress and stressful
events among adolescents have been shown not only to
trigger the onset of depression but also to potentially worsen its course after an initial episode (Lewinsohn,
Rohde, & Seeley, 1993). In addition, these high levels of
stress and stressful events have been associated with
recurrence of depression 1 year later (Cohen, Hammen,
Henry, & Daley, 2004).
Anxiety disorders are the most common childhood
and adolescent mental health disorders (Bosquet &
Egeland, 2006) with a median onset age of 11 years
(Kessler et al., 2005). Social phobia is a facet of anxiety
in that social incompetence and social isolation are often,
though not always, associated with having LD (Tur-
Kaspa, Weisel, & Segev, 1998; Wiener & Sunohara,
1998). In the current study, those with LD had more than
2 times the odds of reporting an anxiety disorder with a
prevalence rate ranging between a low of 20.4% for 15-
to 21-year-olds to a high of 31.0% for 30- to 44-yearolds
(unadjusted data). For PWOD, the rate remained
fairly stable, at around 10%. It should be noted further
that the CCHS 1.2 anxiety indicator was restricted to
three types of anxiety disorders (agoraphobia, panic disorder,
and social phobia; see appendix). What was not
included in the indicator was a measure of Generalized
Anxiety Disorder (GAD), which is associated with
excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation)
and chronic tension (see DSM-IV-TR, 300.02; American
Psychiatric Association, 2000). As these symptoms of
GAD appear to be frequently reported among persons
with LD, the rates of anxiety disorders in the present
study may be an underestimate of anxiety disorders
among PWLD.
Although there was a statistically significant difference
in the rates of depression between PWLD and
PWOD for persons ages 15 to 44 in the unadjusted
analysis (Table 1), that difference disappeared after controlling
for certain confounding factors (age and gender;
Table 4). This highlights the importance of controlling
for confounding factors because the results for the older
PWLD (ages 30–44) were not consistent with the existing
literature where higher rates of depression have been
reported only in younger adolescents with LD (Maag &
Behrens, 1989) and older adolescents with LD (Dalley
et al., 1992) Higher reports of suicidal thoughts among PWLD
may reflect more frequently co-occurring depression
originating from earlier academic distress or anxiety. For
both the PWLD and the PWOD samples, the trajectories
for suicidal thoughts and depression increased between
ages 15 to 21 and ages 22 to 29. However, for PWLD, the
rates for both continued to increase into older adulthood
(30–44 years), whereas for PWOD, the rates peak in
transitioning adults (22–29 years) and declined in older
adulthood (30–44 years). This latter finding for PWOD
was consistent with other studies (Petersen et al., 1993;
Tremblay, Dahintin, & Kohen, 2003).
Not surprisingly, the rates of professional consultation
and self-assessed poor health reflected the poorer mental
health of PWLD. In the unadjusted data, PWLD were
found to be 2 times more likely to have consulted a
health or medical professional and 4 times more likely to
report themselves in poor or fair mental health. After
controlling for confounding factors, these significant differences
remained.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Increased levels of distress for PWLD compared withPWOD were found. The elevated levels, particularlyamong persons aged 15 to 21 years (46% for males withLD and 65% for females), may have been due to specificstressors identified in the LD literature such as academicor school-related stressors and peer-related stressors(e.g., Geisthardt & Munsch, 1996; Raskind et al., 1999;Wenz-Gross & Siperstein, 1998). That the stresses continuebeyond the school years may reflect the fact thatthe same problems related to school learning are reportedas still problematic as adults (Gerber et al., 1990). Innon-LD studies, high levels of distress and stressfulevents among adolescents have been shown not only totrigger the onset of depression but also to potentially worsen its course after an initial episode (Lewinsohn,Rohde, & Seeley, 1993). In addition, these high levels ofstress and stressful events have been associated withrecurrence of depression 1 year later (Cohen, Hammen,Henry, & Daley, 2004).Anxiety disorders are the most common childhoodand adolescent mental health disorders (Bosquet &Egeland, 2006) with a median onset age of 11 years(Kessler et al., 2005). Social phobia is a facet of anxietyin that social incompetence and social isolation are often,though not always, associated with having LD (Tur-Kaspa, Weisel, & Segev, 1998; Wiener & Sunohara,1998). In the current study, those with LD had more than2 times the odds of reporting an anxiety disorder with aprevalence rate ranging between a low of 20.4% for 15-to 21-year-olds to a high of 31.0% for 30- to 44-yearolds(unadjusted data). For PWOD, the rate remainedfairly stable, at around 10%. It should be noted furtherthat the CCHS 1.2 anxiety indicator was restricted tothree types of anxiety disorders (agoraphobia, panic disorder,and social phobia; see appendix). What was notincluded in the indicator was a measure of GeneralizedAnxiety Disorder (GAD), which is associated withexcessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation)and chronic tension (see DSM-IV-TR, 300.02; AmericanPsychiatric Association, 2000). As these symptoms ofGAD appear to be frequently reported among personswith LD, the rates of anxiety disorders in the presentstudy may be an underestimate of anxiety disordersamong PWLD.Although there was a statistically significant differencein the rates of depression between PWLD andPWOD for persons ages 15 to 44 in the unadjustedanalysis (Table 1), that difference disappeared after controllingfor certain confounding factors (age and gender;Table 4). This highlights the importance of controllingfor confounding factors because the results for the olderPWLD (ages 30–44) were not consistent with the existingliterature where higher rates of depression have beenreported only in younger adolescents with LD (Maag &Behrens, 1989) and older adolescents with LD (Dalleyet al., 1992) lebih tinggi laporan pikiran bunuh diri antara PWLDmungkin mencerminkan lebih sering bersama terjadi depresiberasal dari tekanan akademik sebelumnya atau kecemasan. UntukPWLD dan PWOD sampel, lintasanuntuk pikiran bunuh diri dan depresi yang meningkat antarausia 15 sampai 21 dan usia 22-29. Namun, untuk PWLD,harga untuk kedua terus meningkat menjadi anak dewasa(30-44 tahun), sedangkan untuk PWOD, tingkat puncak dalamtransisi orang dewasa (22-29 tahun) dan menurun di remajadewasa (30-44 tahun). Terakhir ini mencari PWODkonsisten dengan penelitian lain (Petersen et al., 1993;Tremblay, Dahintin, & Kohen, 2003).Tidak mengherankan, tingkat konsultasi profesionaldan kesehatan buruk diri dinilai tercermin miskin mentalKesehatan PWLD. Data paling, PWLD yangditemukan untuk menjadi 2 kali lebih mungkin untuk telah berkonsultasikesehatan atau medis profesional dan 4 kali lebih mungkin untukmelaporkan diri di miskin atau adil kesehatan mental. Setelahmengendalikan untuk membingungkan faktor, perbedaan signifikantetap.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Peningkatan kadar kesulitan untuk PWLD dibandingkan dengan
PWOD ditemukan. Tingkat tinggi, terutama
di kalangan orang berusia 15 sampai 21 tahun (46% untuk laki-laki dengan
LD dan 65% untuk perempuan), mungkin karena spesifik
stres diidentifikasi dalam literatur LD seperti akademik
stres atau sekolah terkait dan rekan-terkait stres
(misalnya, Geisthardt & Munsch, 1996;. Raskind et al, 1999;
Wenz-Gross & Siperstein, 1998). Bahwa tekanan terus
melampaui tahun sekolah mungkin mencerminkan fakta bahwa
masalah yang sama terkait dengan pembelajaran sekolah dilaporkan
sebagai masih bermasalah sebagai orang dewasa (Gerber et al., 1990). Dalam
studi non-LD, tingginya tingkat kesulitan dan stres
peristiwa di kalangan remaja telah terbukti tidak hanya untuk
memicu timbulnya depresi tetapi juga berpotensi memperburuk saja setelah episode awal (Lewinsohn,
Rohde, & Seeley, 1993). Selain itu, ini tingkat tinggi
stres dan stres peristiwa telah dikaitkan dengan
kekambuhan depresi 1 tahun kemudian (Cohen, Hammen,
Henry, & Daley, 2004).
Gangguan kecemasan adalah anak yang paling umum
dan gangguan kesehatan mental remaja (Bosquet &
Egeland 2006) dengan usia onset rata-rata 11 tahun
(Kessler et al., 2005). Fobia sosial adalah aspek kecemasan
dalam ketidakmampuan sosial dan isolasi sosial sering,
meskipun tidak selalu, berhubungan dengan memiliki LD (terpentin
Kaspa, Weisel, & Segev, 1998; Wiener & Sunohara,
1998). Dalam penelitian ini, orang-orang dengan LD memiliki lebih dari
2 kali kemungkinan pelaporan gangguan kecemasan dengan
tingkat prevalensi berkisar antara rendah 20,4% untuk 15-
21-year-olds ke tinggi 31,0% untuk 30- untuk 44-yearolds
(data disesuaikan). Untuk PWOD, tingkat tetap
cukup stabil, sekitar 10%. Perlu dicatat lebih lanjut
bahwa indikator kecemasan CCHS 1,2 dibatasi untuk
tiga jenis gangguan kecemasan (agoraphobia, gangguan panik,
dan fobia sosial, lihat lampiran). Apa yang tidak
termasuk dalam indikator adalah ukuran dari Generalized
Anxiety Disorder (GAD), yang berhubungan dengan
kecemasan yang berlebihan dan khawatir (harapan khawatir)
dan ketegangan kronis (lihat DSM-IV-TR, 300,02; Amerika
Psychiatric Association, 2000). Sebagai gejala ini dari
GAD tampaknya sering dilaporkan di antara orang-orang
dengan LD, tingkat gangguan kecemasan di masa sekarang
studi mungkin meremehkan gangguan kecemasan
di kalangan PWLD.
Meskipun ada perbedaan yang signifikan secara statistik
dalam tingkat depresi antara PWLD dan
PWOD bagi orang-orang usia 15-44 dalam disesuaikan
analisis (Tabel 1), perbedaan yang menghilang setelah mengendalikan
faktor pembaur tertentu (umur dan jenis kelamin;
Tabel 4). Ini menyoroti pentingnya mengendalikan
faktor pembaur karena hasilnya untuk yang lebih tua
PWLD (usia 30-44) tidak konsisten dengan yang ada
literatur di mana tingkat yang lebih tinggi depresi telah
dilaporkan hanya pada remaja muda dengan LD (Maag &
Behrens, 1989) dan remaja yang lebih tua dengan LD (Dalley
et al., 1992) laporan lebih tinggi pikiran untuk bunuh diri di kalangan PWLD
mungkin mencerminkan lebih sering co-terjadi depresi
yang berasal dari marabahaya akademik sebelumnya atau kecemasan. Untuk
kedua PWLD dan sampel PWOD, lintasan
untuk pikiran untuk bunuh diri dan depresi meningkat antara
usia 15 sampai 21 dan usia 22 sampai 29. Namun, untuk PWLD, yang
tarif untuk kedua terus meningkat hingga dewasa yang lebih tua
(30-44 tahun), sedangkan untuk PWOD, puncak tarif di
orang dewasa transisi (22-29 tahun) dan menurun pada yang lebih tua
usia dewasa (30-44 tahun). Temuan terakhir ini untuk PWOD
konsisten dengan penelitian lain (Petersen et al, 1993;.
Tremblay, Dahintin, & Kohen, 2003).
Tidak mengherankan, tingkat konsultasi profesional
dan kesehatan yang buruk diri dinilai mencerminkan jiwa miskin
kesehatan PWLD. Dalam data disesuaikan, PWLD yang
ditemukan 2 kali lebih mungkin telah berkonsultasi dengan
kesehatan atau medis profesional dan 4 kali lebih mungkin untuk
melaporkan diri dalam kesehatan mental yang buruk atau adil. Setelah
mengendalikan faktor pembaur, perbedaan-perbedaan yang signifikan
tetap.