General Economic InfluencesMonetary and fiscal policy measures enacted terjemahan - General Economic InfluencesMonetary and fiscal policy measures enacted Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

General Economic InfluencesMonetary

General Economic Influences
Monetary and fiscal policy measures enacted by various agencies of national governments
influence the aggregate economies of those countries. The resulting economic conditions
influence all industries and companies within the economies.
Fiscal policy initiatives, such as tax credits or tax cuts, can encourage spending, whereas additional
taxes on income, gasoline, cigarettes, and liquor can discourage spending. Increases or
decreases in government spending on defense, on unemployment insurance, retraining programs,
or on highways also influence the general economy. These fiscal policies influence the
business environment for firms that rely directly on such government expenditures. In addition,
we know that government spending has a strong multiplier effect. For example, increases
in road building increase the demand for earth-moving equipment and concrete materials. As
a result, in addition to construction workers, the employees of industries that supply the
equipment and materials have more to spend on consumer goods, which raises the demand
for consumer goods, which, in turn, affects another set of suppliers.
Monetary policy produces similar economic changes. A restrictive monetary policy that reduces
the growth rate of the money supply reduces the supply of funds for working capital and
expansion for all businesses. Alternatively, a restrictive monetary policy that targets interest
rates would raise market interest rates and therefore firms’ costs and make it more expensive
for individuals to finance home mortgages and to purchase other durable goods, such as autos
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General Economic InfluencesMonetary and fiscal policy measures enacted by various agencies of national governmentsinfluence the aggregate economies of those countries. The resulting economic conditionsinfluence all industries and companies within the economies.Fiscal policy initiatives, such as tax credits or tax cuts, can encourage spending, whereas additionaltaxes on income, gasoline, cigarettes, and liquor can discourage spending. Increases ordecreases in government spending on defense, on unemployment insurance, retraining programs,or on highways also influence the general economy. These fiscal policies influence thebusiness environment for firms that rely directly on such government expenditures. In addition,we know that government spending has a strong multiplier effect. For example, increasesin road building increase the demand for earth-moving equipment and concrete materials. Asa result, in addition to construction workers, the employees of industries that supply theequipment and materials have more to spend on consumer goods, which raises the demandfor consumer goods, which, in turn, affects another set of suppliers.Monetary policy produces similar economic changes. A restrictive monetary policy that reducesthe growth rate of the money supply reduces the supply of funds for working capital andexpansion for all businesses. Alternatively, a restrictive monetary policy that targets interestrates would raise market interest rates and therefore firms’ costs and make it more expensivefor individuals to finance home mortgages and to purchase other durable goods, such as autos
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Umum Ekonomi Pengaruhi
Moneter dan langkah-langkah kebijakan fiskal yang ditetapkan oleh berbagai lembaga pemerintah nasional
mempengaruhi ekonomi agregat negara-negara. Kondisi ekonomi yang dihasilkan
mempengaruhi semua industri dan perusahaan dalam perekonomian.
Inisiatif kebijakan fiskal, seperti kredit pajak atau pemotongan pajak, dapat mendorong belanja, sedangkan tambahan
pajak atas penghasilan, bensin, rokok, dan minuman keras dapat mencegah pengeluaran. Kenaikan atau
penurunan pengeluaran pemerintah pada pertahanan, pada asuransi pengangguran, program pelatihan ulang,
atau di jalan raya juga mempengaruhi ekonomi secara umum. Kebijakan fiskal ini mempengaruhi
lingkungan bisnis bagi perusahaan-perusahaan yang bergantung langsung pada pengeluaran pemerintah tersebut. Selain itu,
kita tahu bahwa pengeluaran pemerintah memiliki efek multiplier yang kuat. Misalnya, peningkatan
di pembangunan jalan meningkatkan permintaan untuk peralatan-bumi bergerak dan bahan beton. Sebagai
akibatnya, selain pekerja konstruksi, karyawan industri yang memasok
peralatan dan bahan memiliki lebih banyak untuk dibelanjakan pada barang-barang konsumsi, yang meningkatkan permintaan
untuk barang-barang konsumen, yang, pada gilirannya, mempengaruhi satu set pemasok.
Kebijakan moneter menghasilkan perubahan ekonomi yang sama. Sebuah kebijakan moneter ketat yang mengurangi
laju pertumbuhan uang beredar mengurangi pasokan dana untuk modal kerja dan
ekspansi untuk semua bisnis. Atau, kebijakan moneter ketat yang menargetkan bunga
tarif akan menaikkan suku bunga pasar dan karena itu biaya perusahaan dan membuatnya lebih mahal
bagi individu untuk membiayai hipotek rumah dan untuk membeli barang tahan lama lainnya, seperti mobil
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