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Theoretical backgroundCulture, curricula, and inclusionIn Portugal, the curriculum was mono-cultural at first, as if every student participatedin the mainstream culture. Those from other cultures had to adapt to themainstream culture in order to access school achievement. Then came the multiculturalcurriculum, in which several cultures coexisted but with no sense of sharingand mutual recognition. In an intercultural curriculum, the sharing of knowledgeand solving strategies is assumed, as is the wealth deriving from interaction amongcultures (Leite, 2002). When the importance of culture in thinking and performances,in solving strategies and/or in responses was realized, the need for differentiatedcurricula and practices was understood. Teachers should take into accountthe particularities of each culture, particularly the mother tongue and the symbolicsystems (César, 2009, 2013a, 2014).In an intercultural and inclusive approach, the curriculum becomes emancipatory(Freire, 1921/1985), allowing vulnerable cultural minorities to share theirown knowledge and ways of thinking, to appropriate knowledge, to develop andto mobilize abilities and competences, promoting school and social inclusion. Positioningitself as a mediational tool between school cultures and the other culturesin which students participate, the curriculum can contribute to the development ofregulatory dynamics, allowing students to act as legitimate participants instead ofperipheral participants (César, 2009, 2013a, 2013b; César & Oliveira, 2005; Lave &Wenger, 1991).
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