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CourtesyThis is when an employee is aware of the problems and needs of other employees. They can propose solutions and ways to prevent the problem in the future (Allison et al., 2001). This type of behaviour is also specified as keeping the employees informed in order to prevent business related problems from occurring (Organ & Lingl, 1995). It also includes making an effort to create and maintain positive communication within the organization (Organ, 1988).REVIEW OF LITERATUREIn the 1930s Chester Bernard observed the phenomenon of organizational citizenship behaviour, which he then termed "Extra-role behaviours". The distinction made between in-role behaviours and extra-role behaviours is evident in the management literature (cf. Katz & Kahn, 1978; Turnip seed, 2002; MacKenzie, Podsakoff, & Fetter, 1991). In-role behaviour is required or expected behaviour and is the basis of regular and ongoing job performance (Katz, 1964). If employees fail to perform required behaviour, they do not receive organizational rewards. In contrast, Extra-role behaviours are discretionary in nature and are usually not recognized by the organization's formal reward system (Podsakoff, MacKenzie, & Bommer, 1996). Van Dayne (1998) believes that these behaviours are (1) not specified in advance by role prescriptions, (2) not recognized by formal reward systems, and (3) not a source of punitive consequences when not performed by job incumbents. One form of extra-role employee behaviours that was popularized about two decades ago and has also received considerable attention is organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) (cf. Batenam & Organ, 1983; Organ, 1988; Borman & Motowidlo, 1993; Williams & Anderson, 1991). Organ (1988, p. 4) defined organizational citizenship behaviours as:"Individual behaviour that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization. By discretionary, we mean that the behaviour is not an enforceable requirement of the role or the job description, that is, the clearly specifiable terms of the person’s employmentcontract with the organization; the behaviour is rather a matter of personal choice, such that its omission is not generally understood as punishable
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