Microbial strains isolated from the

Microbial strains isolated from the air are, in majority of cases, similar to those isolated from the surfaces of other biodeteriorated museum collections (Saiz-Jimenez and Gonzalez 2007). It is well known from the scientiÞc literature that, in indoor air, Gram-positive bacteria are more numerous than Gram negatives. Similarly, as it was observed in Polish libraries and storerooms of historical documents (Wlazło et al. 2008), in the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum, the most prevalent group were Gram-positive cocci. In this study, Gram-negative bacteria were not found, although other researchers have quite frequently isolated species belonging to the genera Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter from museums, libraries, or archive interiors (e.g., Mandrioli et al. 2003) or from the artifact surfaces (Petushkova and Kandyba 1999).

In settled dust samples, endospore-forming Gram-positive rods are among the most frequently identiÞed microorganisms. These biodeteriogens belonging primarily to Bacillus genera (e.g., B. licheniformis) have often been isolated from the surfaces of different kind of historical objects (Cataldo et al. 2008; Cifferi 1999, 2003; Gallo 1993; Wlazło et al. 2008). Their common appearance was also conÞrmed in this study when the surfaces of sculptures, paintings, suitcases, shoes, and musical notations were checked for microbial presence.

Fungal species from Aspergillus, Alternaria, Pen-icillium, Chaetomium, Paecilomyces, Cladosporium,

Rhizopus, and Mucor genera are the most frequently isolated in the museum interiors (Aira et al. 2007; Gallo 1993; Mandrioli et al. 2003; Petushkova and Kandyba 1999; Wlazło et al. 2008; Zielin«ska-Jan-kiewicz et al. 2008). In this study, species of Aspergillus were the dominant fungi. Two species from this genera (A. niger and A. versicolor) were also the most common fungi isolated from investigated surfaces of prisonersÕ belongings (especially from suitcases and shoes), similarly to the previous studies carried out in the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum (although different objects, e.g., toothbrushes, were analyzed at that time) (Strzelczyk and Rosa 2003).

This study revealed that due to a correctly operated and maintained air-conditioning systems and limited number of visitors, good air quality of the studied storerooms and low levels of microbial contamination of museum collections were observed. However, microorganisms recognized as biodeteriogens of different classes of materials, such as Aspergillus and Bacillus, were isolated from examined surfaces.

In case of opening this museum section to the public, and, by that, an unavoidable increase in human-borne contaminants, additional methods for protection of gathered collections (such as display cases inhibiting a penetration of microorganisms, insects, dust, and other airborne pollutants) should be taken into consideration. At the same time, the high standards of cleanliness of air-conditioning system should be kept and preventive measures of museum collections, carried out by art conservators, should be undertaken on a regular basis.

The data conÞrm that an aerobiological assessment of museum premises may be a useful tool in their hygienic evaluation and, if necessary, in decision-making regarding interventions leading to protection against biological decay. Furthermore, it is well known that only a little percent of microorganisms can be cultured by standard techniques, and culture-based monitoring may underestimate the total expo-sure to bioaerosols (Albrecht et al. 2007; Aman et al. 1995; Colwell and Grimes 2000; Kaeberlein et al. 2002; Sardessai 2005). Hence, the studies of hygienic quality utilizing standard methods should be supplemented by the techniques that allow to identify nonculturable microorganisms as well.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Mikroba strain yang telah diisolasi dari udara adalah, dalam sebagian besar kasus, mirip dengan yang terisolasi dari permukaan lain koleksi museum biodeteriorated (Saiz-Jimenez dan Gonzalez 2007). Hal ini juga diketahui dari literatur scientiÞc bahwa, di udara, bakteri gram-positif lebih banyak daripada Gram negatif. Demikian pula, seperti yang diamati pada perpustakaan Polandia dan gudang dari dokumen-dokumen sejarah (Wlazło et al 2008), di Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau, kelompok yang paling lazim adalah kokus gram positif. Dalam studi ini, bakteri gram negatif tidak ditemukan, meskipun peneliti lain memiliki cukup sering terisolasi spesies milik genera Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, dan Enterobacter dari Museum, Perpustakaan atau arsip interior (misalnya, Mandrioli et al. 2003) atau dari permukaan artefak (Petushkova dan Kandyba 1999).Dalam sampel menetap debu, endospore-membentuk batang gram-positif adalah di antara yang paling sering identiÞed mikroorganisme. Biodeteriogens ini terutama milik genus Bacillus (misalnya, B. licheniformis) sering telah terisolasi dari permukaan berbagai jenis benda bersejarah (Cataldo et al. 2008; Cifferi 1999, 2003; Gallo 1993; Wlazło et al., 2008). Penampilan umum mereka adalah juga conÞrmed dalam studi ini ketika permukaan patung, lukisan, koper, Sepatu, dan notasi musik diperiksa untuk kehadiran mikroba.Spesies jamur dari Aspergillus Alternaria, Pen-icillium, Chaetomium, Paecilomyces, Cladosporium,Rhizopus, and Mucor genera are the most frequently isolated in the museum interiors (Aira et al. 2007; Gallo 1993; Mandrioli et al. 2003; Petushkova and Kandyba 1999; Wlazło et al. 2008; Zielin«ska-Jan-kiewicz et al. 2008). In this study, species of Aspergillus were the dominant fungi. Two species from this genera (A. niger and A. versicolor) were also the most common fungi isolated from investigated surfaces of prisonersÕ belongings (especially from suitcases and shoes), similarly to the previous studies carried out in the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum (although different objects, e.g., toothbrushes, were analyzed at that time) (Strzelczyk and Rosa 2003).This study revealed that due to a correctly operated and maintained air-conditioning systems and limited number of visitors, good air quality of the studied storerooms and low levels of microbial contamination of museum collections were observed. However, microorganisms recognized as biodeteriogens of different classes of materials, such as Aspergillus and Bacillus, were isolated from examined surfaces.In case of opening this museum section to the public, and, by that, an unavoidable increase in human-borne contaminants, additional methods for protection of gathered collections (such as display cases inhibiting a penetration of microorganisms, insects, dust, and other airborne pollutants) should be taken into consideration. At the same time, the high standards of cleanliness of air-conditioning system should be kept and preventive measures of museum collections, carried out by art conservators, should be undertaken on a regular basis.The data conÞrm that an aerobiological assessment of museum premises may be a useful tool in their hygienic evaluation and, if necessary, in decision-making regarding interventions leading to protection against biological decay. Furthermore, it is well known that only a little percent of microorganisms can be cultured by standard techniques, and culture-based monitoring may underestimate the total expo-sure to bioaerosols (Albrecht et al. 2007; Aman et al. 1995; Colwell and Grimes 2000; Kaeberlein et al. 2002; Sardessai 2005). Hence, the studies of hygienic quality utilizing standard methods should be supplemented by the techniques that allow to identify nonculturable microorganisms as well.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Strain mikroba yang diisolasi dari udara, dalam sebagian besar kasus, mirip dengan yang diisolasi dari permukaan koleksi museum biodeteriorated lainnya (Saiz-Jimenez dan Gonzalez 2007). Hal ini juga diketahui dari literatur scientiÞc itu, di udara dalam ruangan, bakteri Gram-positif lebih banyak daripada negatif Gram. Demikian seperti diamati di perpustakaan Polandia dan bilik-bilik dokumen sejarah (Wlazło et al. 2008), di Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau, kelompok yang paling umum adalah kokus Gram-positif. Dalam penelitian ini, bakteri Gram-negatif tidak ditemukan, meskipun para peneliti lainnya telah cukup sering terisolasi spesies yang termasuk genus Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, dan Enterobacter dari museum, perpustakaan, atau interior arsip (misalnya, Mandrioli et al. 2003) atau dari permukaan artefak (Petushkova dan Kandyba 1999). pada sampel debu menetap, endospora pembentuk Gram-positif batang antara mikroorganisme yang paling sering identiÞed. Biodeteriogens ini milik terutama untuk Bacillus genera (misalnya, B. licheniformis) sering diisolasi dari permukaan dari berbagai jenis benda-benda bersejarah (Cataldo et al 2008;. Cifferi 1999, 2003; Gallo 1993; Wlazło et al 2008.). Penampilan umum mereka juga conÞrmed dalam penelitian ini ketika permukaan patung, lukisan, koper, sepatu, dan notasi musik diperiksa untuk kehadiran mikroba. Spesies jamur dari Aspergillus, Alternaria, Pen-icillium, Chaetomium, Paecilomyces, Cladosporium, Rhizopus, dan Mucor genera yang paling sering diisolasi di interior museum (Aira et al 2007;. Gallo 1993; Mandrioli et al 2003;. Petushkova dan Kandyba 1999; Wlazło et al 2008;.. Zielin «ska-Jan-kiewicz et al 2008) . Dalam penelitian ini, spesies Aspergillus adalah jamur yang dominan. Dua spesies dari genus ini (A. niger dan A. versicolor) juga jamur yang paling umum diisolasi dari permukaan diselidiki dari prisonersÕ barang (terutama dari koper dan sepatu), mirip dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang dilakukan di Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau (meskipun objek yang berbeda, misalnya, sikat gigi, dianalisis pada waktu itu) (Strzelczyk dan Rosa 2003). penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa karena sistem AC dioperasikan dengan benar dan dipelihara dan sejumlah pengunjung, kualitas udara yang baik dari gudang dipelajari dan rendah tingkat kontaminasi mikroba dari koleksi museum yang diamati. Namun, mikroorganisme diakui sebagai biodeteriogens dari kelas yang berbeda dari bahan, seperti Aspergillus dan Bacillus, diisolasi dari permukaan diperiksa. Dalam kasus membuka bagian museum ini kepada publik, dan, dengan itu, peningkatan tidak dapat dihindari dalam kontaminan manusia-ditanggung, tambahan metode untuk perlindungan dari koleksi berkumpul (seperti kasus layar menghambat penetrasi mikroorganisme, serangga, debu, dan polutan udara lainnya) harus dipertimbangkan. Pada saat yang sama, standar tinggi kebersihan sistem AC harus disimpan dan tindakan pencegahan dari koleksi museum, dilakukan oleh konservator seni, harus dilakukan secara teratur. Data conÞrm bahwa penilaian aerobiological dari tempat museum mungkin menjadi alat yang berguna dalam evaluasi higienis dan, jika perlu, dalam pengambilan keputusan mengenai intervensi yang mengarah ke perlindungan terhadap pembusukan biologis. Selain itu, diketahui bahwa hanya persen kecil dari mikroorganisme dapat dibudidayakan dengan teknik standar, dan monitoring berbasis budaya mungkin meremehkan total expo-pastikan untuk bioaerosols (Albrecht et al 2007;. Aman et al 1995;. Colwell dan Grimes 2000;. Kaeberlein et al 2002; Sardessai 2005). Oleh karena itu, studi kualitas higienis menggunakan metode standar harus dilengkapi dengan teknik yang memungkinkan untuk mengidentifikasi mikroorganisme nonculturable juga.