The theoretical basis for the WA counselling profession’s present conc terjemahan - The theoretical basis for the WA counselling profession’s present conc Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The theoretical basis for the WA co

The theoretical basis for the WA counselling profession’s present conceptual
understanding of the loss and grief experiences of baby boomers is drawn largely
from the early work of Freud, Fenichel, Pollack, Bowlby, Engel, and Sanders. Freud,
based on his own lifelong personal experience with grief, created the intrapsychic
theory of grief in which he described the sense of hopelessness and detachment that
surviving individuals experience following the death of a loved one as being a normal
grief reaction (Field, Gal-Oz, & Bonnano, 2003; Olson, 2004; Packman, Horsley,
Davies, & Kramer, 2006). Moreover, Freud suggested that the process of severing
and relinquishing an attachment bond with a deceased individual and then
reinvesting that regained love resource takes time and energy to complete (Marwitt
& Klass, 1995). In contrast, Fenichel, based on personal clinical experience and
individual case reports, claimed that the use of ambivalent introjections during the
relinquishing process creates a protective buffer, which provides the surviving
individual with an effective mechanism for detaching their emotions (e.g. guilt,
anger) from the deceased individual (Sanders, 1983). These emotions are thought to
be complicated by grief. Pollack viewed grief as an ego-adaptive process, which
following the death of a loved one enables the surviving individual to regain their
homeostatic balance and re-establish their intrapsychic state (Olson, 2004). Bowlby
(1980), based on clinical interviews with 22 widows aged between 26 and 65 years
conducted at one, three, six, nine and 12 month intervals following a bereavement
experience, conceptualised and categorised the process of loss and grief into four
distinct phases, namely, numbing, yearning and searching, disorganisation and despair,
and reorganising through reshaping. According to Bowlby, passage through these four
phases is the mechanism by which surviving individuals redefine their concept of self.
Engel broadened this theoretical understanding of grief even further by delineating
six discrete stages (i.e. shock and disbelief, acting out anguish, restitution, resolving,
idealisation, and completion), which although inter-related collectively take the
surviving individual in excess of a year to complete (Olson, 2004; Robinson, 2006;
Small, 2000). Engel through his extensive observations of patients determined that
these six phases are not sequentially ordered, as any one phase can be experienced or
re-experienced at any time during the grieving process. Finally, Sanders (1983)
proposed grief to be an experience of irreversible pain, which is felt simultaneously
on multiple emotional layers.
The main thrust of these earlier works was the examination of the emotional and
psychological defences of surviving individuals during their initial period of
bereavement and subsequent period of mourning (Kellehear, 2002). Currently,
some debate exists as to whether grief should be considered a ‘state’ of mind
precipitating the initiation of specific defence mechanisms or a ‘process’ that
surviving individuals work through (Kellehear, p. 176). Proponents of the ‘grief as a
state of mind’ theory contend that surviving individuals typically manifest five
distinct emotional/defensive states: namely, acute somatic distress, guilt, hostility and
antagonism, disruptive behaviour, and preoccupation with images of the deceased
(Rosen, 1986; Small, 2000). However, proponents of the ‘grief as a process’ theory
assert that grieving is a staged and continuous process during which the bereaved
individual moves through six distinct emotional stages: namely, denial/shock, rage/
anger, bargaining, guilt, depression/loneliness, and acceptance of hope (Brent et al.,
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The theoretical basis for the WA counselling profession’s present conceptualunderstanding of the loss and grief experiences of baby boomers is drawn largelyfrom the early work of Freud, Fenichel, Pollack, Bowlby, Engel, and Sanders. Freud,based on his own lifelong personal experience with grief, created the intrapsychictheory of grief in which he described the sense of hopelessness and detachment thatsurviving individuals experience following the death of a loved one as being a normalgrief reaction (Field, Gal-Oz, & Bonnano, 2003; Olson, 2004; Packman, Horsley,Davies, & Kramer, 2006). Moreover, Freud suggested that the process of severingand relinquishing an attachment bond with a deceased individual and thenreinvesting that regained love resource takes time and energy to complete (Marwitt& Klass, 1995). In contrast, Fenichel, based on personal clinical experience andindividual case reports, claimed that the use of ambivalent introjections during therelinquishing process creates a protective buffer, which provides the survivingindividual with an effective mechanism for detaching their emotions (e.g. guilt,anger) from the deceased individual (Sanders, 1983). These emotions are thought tobe complicated by grief. Pollack viewed grief as an ego-adaptive process, whichfollowing the death of a loved one enables the surviving individual to regain theirhomeostatic balance and re-establish their intrapsychic state (Olson, 2004). Bowlby(1980), based on clinical interviews with 22 widows aged between 26 and 65 yearsconducted at one, three, six, nine and 12 month intervals following a bereavementexperience, conceptualised and categorised the process of loss and grief into fourdistinct phases, namely, numbing, yearning and searching, disorganisation and despair,and reorganising through reshaping. According to Bowlby, passage through these fourphases is the mechanism by which surviving individuals redefine their concept of self.Engel broadened this theoretical understanding of grief even further by delineatingsix discrete stages (i.e. shock and disbelief, acting out anguish, restitution, resolving,idealisation, and completion), which although inter-related collectively take thesurviving individual in excess of a year to complete (Olson, 2004; Robinson, 2006;Small, 2000). Engel through his extensive observations of patients determined thatthese six phases are not sequentially ordered, as any one phase can be experienced orre-experienced at any time during the grieving process. Finally, Sanders (1983)proposed grief to be an experience of irreversible pain, which is felt simultaneouslyon multiple emotional layers.The main thrust of these earlier works was the examination of the emotional andpsychological defences of surviving individuals during their initial period ofbereavement and subsequent period of mourning (Kellehear, 2002). Currently,some debate exists as to whether grief should be considered a ‘state’ of mindprecipitating the initiation of specific defence mechanisms or a ‘process’ thatsurviving individuals work through (Kellehear, p. 176). Proponents of the ‘grief as astate of mind’ theory contend that surviving individuals typically manifest fivedistinct emotional/defensive states: namely, acute somatic distress, guilt, hostility andantagonism, disruptive behaviour, and preoccupation with images of the deceased(Rosen, 1986; Small, 2000). However, proponents of the ‘grief as a process’ theoryassert that grieving is a staged and continuous process during which the bereavedindividual moves through six distinct emotional stages: namely, denial/shock, rage/anger, bargaining, guilt, depression/loneliness, and acceptance of hope (Brent et al.,
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Dasar teoritis untuk konseptual hadir konseling profesi WA
pemahaman tentang kehilangan dan kesedihan pengalaman baby boomer yang sebagian besar diambil
dari karya awal Freud, Fenichel, Pollack, Bowlby, Engel, dan Sanders. Freud,
berdasarkan pengalaman sendiri seumur hidup pribadi dengan kesedihan, menciptakan intrapsikis
teori kesedihan di mana ia menggambarkan rasa putus asa dan detasemen yang
individu yang masih hidup mengalami setelah kematian orang yang dicintai sebagai normal
kesedihan reaksi (Field, Gal- oz, & Bonnano, 2003; Olson, 2004; Packman, Horsley,
Davies, & Kramer, 2006). Selain itu, Freud menyarankan bahwa proses memutuskan
dan melepaskan ikatan lampiran dengan individu almarhum dan kemudian
menginvestasikan kembali bahwa sumber daya cinta kembali membutuhkan waktu dan energi untuk menyelesaikan (Marwitt
& Klass, 1995). Sebaliknya, Fenichel, berdasarkan pengalaman klinis pribadi dan
laporan kasus individu, mengklaim bahwa penggunaan introjections ambivalen selama
proses pelepasan menciptakan penyangga pelindung, yang menyediakan hidup
individu dengan mekanisme yang efektif untuk memisahkan emosi mereka (misalnya rasa bersalah,
kemarahan) dari individu almarhum (Sanders, 1983). Emosi ini diduga
menjadi rumit dengan kesedihan. Pollack melihat kesedihan sebagai proses ego-adaptif, yang
setelah kematian orang yang dicintai memungkinkan individu yang masih hidup untuk mendapatkan kembali mereka
keseimbangan homeostatis dan kembali mendirikan negara intrapsikis mereka (Olson, 2004). Bowlby
(1980), berdasarkan wawancara klinis dengan 22 janda berusia antara 26 dan 65 tahun
yang dilakukan pada satu, tiga, enam, sembilan dan 12 interval bulan berikutnya berkabung
pengalaman, dikonsep dan dikategorikan proses penurunan dan kesedihan menjadi empat
tahap yang berbeda, yaitu, mati rasa, kerinduan dan pencarian, disorganisasi dan putus asa,
dan reorganisasi melalui membentuk kembali. Menurut Bowlby, perjalanan melalui empat
fase adalah mekanisme dimana individu yang masih hidup mendefinisikan kembali konsep diri mereka.
Engel memperluas pemahaman teoritis ini kesedihan lebih jauh dengan menggambarkan
enam tahap diskrit (yaitu shock dan tak percaya, bertindak keluar penderitaan, restitusi, menyelesaikan,
idealisation, dan penyelesaian), yang meskipun saling terkait secara kolektif mengambil
individu yang masih hidup lebih dari satu tahun untuk menyelesaikan (Olson, 2004; Robinson, 2006;
Kecil, 2000). Engel melalui pengamatan yang luas dari pasien menetapkan bahwa
enam fase ini tidak berurutan memerintahkan, sebagai salah satu fase dapat dialami atau
re-mengalami setiap saat selama proses berduka. Akhirnya, Sanders (1983)
mengusulkan kesedihan menjadi pengalaman nyeri ireversibel, yang dirasakan secara bersamaan
pada beberapa lapisan emosional.
Dorongan utama dari karya-karya sebelumnya adalah pemeriksaan emosional dan
pertahanan psikologis yang masih hidup individu selama periode awal mereka dari
kematian dan periode berikutnya berkabung (Kellehear, 2002). Saat ini,
beberapa perdebatan ada apakah kesedihan harus dianggap sebagai 'negara' pikiran
mempercepat inisiasi mekanisme pertahanan spesifik atau 'proses' yang
individu yang masih hidup bekerja melalui (Kellehear, p. 176). Para pendukung 'kesedihan sebagai
keadaan pikiran' teori berpendapat bahwa individu yang masih hidup biasanya terwujud lima
berbeda emosional / negara defensif: yaitu, akut somatik distress, rasa bersalah, permusuhan dan
pertentangan, perilaku mengganggu, dan keasyikan dengan gambar almarhum
(Rosen, 1986; Kecil, 2000). Namun, para pendukung 'kesedihan sebagai proses' teori
menyatakan berduka itu adalah proses bertahap dan berkesinambungan selama berduka
bergerak individu melalui enam tahap emosional yang berbeda: yaitu, penolakan / shock, marah /
marah, tawar-menawar, rasa bersalah, depresi / kesepian , dan penerimaan harapan (Brent et al.,
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