defi nitions for only a few critical concepts, but these will almost a terjemahan - defi nitions for only a few critical concepts, but these will almost a Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

defi nitions for only a few critica

defi nitions for only a few critical concepts, but these will almost always be the defi nitions used to

develop the relationships found in hypotheses and theories.

Variables

In practice, the term variable is used as a synonym for construct, or the property being studied. In this

context, a variable is a symbol of an event, act, characteristic, trait, or attribute that can be measured

and to which we assign values. 2

For purposes of data entry and analysis, we assign numerical value to a variable based on the vari-
able’s properties. For example, some variables, said to be dichotomous, have only two values, refl ect-
ing the presence or absence of a property: employed–unemployed or male–female have two values,

generally 0 and 1. When Myra Wines observed the cannon shells, they were exploded or unexploded.

Variables also take on values representing added categories, such as the demographic variables of race

or religion. All such variables that produce data that fi t into categories are said to be discrete, because

only certain values are possible. An automotive variable, for example, where “Chevrolet” is assigned

a 5 and “Honda” is assigned a 6, provides no option for a 5.5.

Income, temperature, age, and a test score are examples of continuous variables. These variables

may take on values within a given range or, in some cases, an infi nite set. Your test score may range

from 0 to 100, your age may be 23.5, and your present income could be $35,000. The procedure for

assigning values to variables is described in detail in Chapter 11.

Independent and Dependent Variables

Researchers are most interested in relationships among variables. For example, does a newspaper cou-
pon (independent variable) infl uence product purchase (dependent variable), or can a salesperson’s

ethical standards infl uence her ability to maintain customer relationships? As one writer notes:

There’s nothing very tricky about the notion of independence and dependence. But there is something tricky about the

fact that the relationship of independence and dependence is a fi gment of the researcher’s imagination until demon-
strated convincingly. Researchers hypothesize relationships of independence and dependence: They invent them, and

then they try by reality testing to see if the relationships actually work out that way. 3

Many textbooks use the term predictor variable as a synonym for independent variable (IV). This

variable is manipulated by the researcher, and the manipulation causes an effect on the dependent vari-
able. We recognize that there are often several independent variables and that they are probably at least

somewhat “correlated” and therefore not independent among themselves. Similarly, the term criterion

variable is used synonymously with dependent variable (DV). This variable is measured, predicted,

or otherwise monitored and is expected to be affected by manipulation of an independent variable.

Exhibit 3-2 lists some terms that have become synonyms for independent variable and dependent

variable .

>Exhibit
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defi nitions for only a few critical concepts, but these will almost always be the defi nitions used todevelop the relationships found in hypotheses and theories.VariablesIn practice, the term variable is used as a synonym for construct, or the property being studied. In thiscontext, a variable is a symbol of an event, act, characteristic, trait, or attribute that can be measuredand to which we assign values. 2For purposes of data entry and analysis, we assign numerical value to a variable based on the vari-able’s properties. For example, some variables, said to be dichotomous, have only two values, refl ect-ing the presence or absence of a property: employed–unemployed or male–female have two values,generally 0 and 1. When Myra Wines observed the cannon shells, they were exploded or unexploded.Variables also take on values representing added categories, such as the demographic variables of raceor religion. All such variables that produce data that fi t into categories are said to be discrete, becauseonly certain values are possible. An automotive variable, for example, where “Chevrolet” is assigneda 5 and “Honda” is assigned a 6, provides no option for a 5.5.Income, temperature, age, and a test score are examples of continuous variables. These variablesmay take on values within a given range or, in some cases, an infi nite set. Your test score may rangefrom 0 to 100, your age may be 23.5, and your present income could be $35,000. The procedure forassigning values to variables is described in detail in Chapter 11.Independent and Dependent VariablesResearchers are most interested in relationships among variables. For example, does a newspaper cou-pon (independent variable) infl uence product purchase (dependent variable), or can a salesperson’sethical standards infl uence her ability to maintain customer relationships? As one writer notes:There’s nothing very tricky about the notion of independence and dependence. But there is something tricky about thefact that the relationship of independence and dependence is a fi gment of the researcher’s imagination until demon-strated convincingly. Researchers hypothesize relationships of independence and dependence: They invent them, andthen they try by reality testing to see if the relationships actually work out that way. 3Many textbooks use the term predictor variable as a synonym for independent variable (IV). Thisvariable is manipulated by the researcher, and the manipulation causes an effect on the dependent vari-able. We recognize that there are often several independent variables and that they are probably at leastsomewhat “correlated” and therefore not independent among themselves. Similarly, the term criterionvariable is used synonymously with dependent variable (DV). This variable is measured, predicted,or otherwise monitored and is expected to be affected by manipulation of an independent variable.Exhibit 3-2 lists some terms that have become synonyms for independent variable and dependentvariable .>Exhibit
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defi definisi untuk hanya beberapa konsep penting, tetapi ini akan hampir selalu menjadi definisi defi digunakan untuk

mengembangkan hubungan yang ditemukan di hipotesis dan teori.

Variabel

Dalam prakteknya, variabel istilah digunakan sebagai sinonim untuk membangun, atau properti yang sedang dipelajari. Dalam

konteks, variabel adalah simbol dari suatu peristiwa, tindakan, karakteristik, sifat, atau atribut yang dapat diukur

dan yang kita menetapkan nilai. 2

Untuk tujuan entri data dan analisis, kita memberikan nilai numerik untuk variabel berdasarkan variabel
sifat mampu ini. Sebagai contoh, beberapa variabel, dikatakan dikotomis, hanya memiliki dua nilai, refl ect-
ing tidaknya properti: bekerja-menganggur atau laki-laki memiliki dua nilai,

umumnya 0 dan 1. Ketika Myra Wines diamati meriam kerang, mereka meledak atau meledak.

variabel juga mengambil nilai-nilai yang mewakili kategori ditambahkan, seperti variabel demografis ras

atau agama. Semua variabel sehingga menghasilkan data yang fi t dalam kategori dikatakan diskrit, karena

hanya nilai-nilai tertentu yang mungkin. Variabel otomotif, misalnya, di mana "Chevrolet" ditugaskan

5 dan "Honda" ditugaskan 6, tidak memberikan pilihan untuk. 5,5

Pendapatan, suhu, usia, dan skor tes adalah contoh dari variabel kontinu. Variabel-variabel ini

dapat mengambil nilai-nilai dalam kisaran tertentu atau, dalam beberapa kasus, set infi nite. Skor tes dapat berkisar

dari 0 sampai 100, usia Anda mungkin 23,5, dan pendapatan Anda saat ini bisa menjadi $ 35.000. Prosedur untuk

menetapkan nilai ke variabel dijelaskan secara rinci dalam Bab 11.

Variabel Independen dan Dependent

Peneliti yang paling tertarik pada hubungan antara variabel. Misalnya, apakah sebuah surat kabar cou-
pon (variabel independen) infl pengaruh pembelian produk (variabel dependen), atau dapat menjadi tenaga penjual

standar etika infl pengaruh kemampuannya untuk mempertahankan hubungan pelanggan? Sebagai catatan seorang penulis:

Tidak ada yang sangat rumit tentang gagasan kemerdekaan dan ketergantungan. Tapi ada sesuatu yang rumit tentang

fakta bahwa hubungan kemerdekaan dan ketergantungan adalah fi gment imajinasi peneliti sampai setan-
didemonstrasikan meyakinkan. Peneliti berhipotesis hubungan kemerdekaan dan ketergantungan: Mereka menciptakan mereka, dan

kemudian mereka mencoba dengan uji realitas untuk melihat apakah hubungan benar-benar bekerja seperti itu. 3

Banyak buku pelajaran menggunakan variabel jangka prediktor sebagai sinonim untuk variabel independen (IV). Ini

variabel yang dimanipulasi oleh peneliti, dan manipulasi menyebabkan efek pada variabel dependen
mampu. Kami menyadari bahwa sering ada beberapa variabel independen dan bahwa mereka mungkin setidaknya

agak "berkorelasi" dan karena itu tidak independen di antara mereka sendiri. Demikian pula, kriteria istilah

variabel digunakan secara sinonim dengan variabel dependen (DV). Variabel ini diukur, diprediksi,

atau dipantau dan diharapkan akan dipengaruhi oleh manipulasi variabel independen.

Bukti 3-2 daftar beberapa istilah yang telah menjadi sinonim untuk variabel independen dan dependen

variabel.

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