Employment StructureSince the inception of the welfare state there hav terjemahan - Employment StructureSince the inception of the welfare state there hav Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Employment StructureSince the incep

Employment Structure
Since the inception of the welfare state there have been major changes in the employment structure. Between 1979 and 1990 employment fell dramatically for men of all ages; this is an ongoing trend (Campbell 1999). Massive unemployment put a strain on the welfare state as more and more people depended on the benefit system. Areas of mass unemployment gradually developed from the 1970s onwards, mainly concentrated in inner cities and council estates. This was not merely a British problem. America identified work-poor areas (areas with no employment opportunities and high unemployment) with similar problems (Wilson 1997). Employers had either moved out of these areas or were never there in the first place, causing virtually ghettoized communities of people dependent on welfare benefits. In Britain, Power and Tunstall (1995) identified joblessness as a chronic problem in polarized and marginalized council estates. Male unemployment, especially among young men, was a central cause of riots and violent disturbances in urban areas. Male unemployment was also linked to family and relationship breakdown (Kiernan and Mueller 1998), which in turn is associated with male homelessness. The disappearance of work mattered, because work is not merely a source of income but a key source of status. An individual or a whole community can lose self-respect and. with it, ‘the capacity to plan, to organise time and to get things done’ (Mulgan 1998). However, the problem was nor simply the disappearance of work, but a change in the economic structure (Kleinman 1998). The mismatch between the skills required by the labour market and increased demand for specialist skills meant that the labour force now needed to be educated to NVQ level 3 or higher. The demand for workers attracted commuters from all over the South-East plus foreign workers, but failed to draw on the pool of unemployed people in, for example, inner London areas (Kleinman 1998). This exacerbated unemployment on council estates. This increase in unemployment and change in the employment structure highlights the way some of the ‘underpins’ of the welfare state came adrift (Illustration 4.1). Unemployment, to a large extent, was an unforeseen problem as the intention was to achieve full employment.
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Employment StructureSince the inception of the welfare state there have been major changes in the employment structure. Between 1979 and 1990 employment fell dramatically for men of all ages; this is an ongoing trend (Campbell 1999). Massive unemployment put a strain on the welfare state as more and more people depended on the benefit system. Areas of mass unemployment gradually developed from the 1970s onwards, mainly concentrated in inner cities and council estates. This was not merely a British problem. America identified work-poor areas (areas with no employment opportunities and high unemployment) with similar problems (Wilson 1997). Employers had either moved out of these areas or were never there in the first place, causing virtually ghettoized communities of people dependent on welfare benefits. In Britain, Power and Tunstall (1995) identified joblessness as a chronic problem in polarized and marginalized council estates. Male unemployment, especially among young men, was a central cause of riots and violent disturbances in urban areas. Male unemployment was also linked to family and relationship breakdown (Kiernan and Mueller 1998), which in turn is associated with male homelessness. The disappearance of work mattered, because work is not merely a source of income but a key source of status. An individual or a whole community can lose self-respect and. with it, ‘the capacity to plan, to organise time and to get things done’ (Mulgan 1998). However, the problem was nor simply the disappearance of work, but a change in the economic structure (Kleinman 1998). The mismatch between the skills required by the labour market and increased demand for specialist skills meant that the labour force now needed to be educated to NVQ level 3 or higher. The demand for workers attracted commuters from all over the South-East plus foreign workers, but failed to draw on the pool of unemployed people in, for example, inner London areas (Kleinman 1998). This exacerbated unemployment on council estates. This increase in unemployment and change in the employment structure highlights the way some of the ‘underpins’ of the welfare state came adrift (Illustration 4.1). Unemployment, to a large extent, was an unforeseen problem as the intention was to achieve full employment.
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Struktur ketenagakerjaan
Sejak pengoperasian negara kesejahteraan telah terjadi perubahan besar dalam struktur ketenagakerjaan. Antara tahun 1979 dan 1990 kerja jatuh secara dramatis untuk pria dari segala usia; ini adalah tren yang sedang berlangsung (Campbell 1999). Pengangguran besar-besaran meletakkan beban pada negara kesejahteraan karena semakin banyak orang bergantung pada sistem manfaat. Area pengangguran massal secara bertahap dikembangkan dari tahun 1970-an dan seterusnya, terutama terkonsentrasi di kota-kota dalam dan perkebunan dewan. Ini bukan hanya masalah Inggris. Amerika diidentifikasi daerah (daerah tanpa kesempatan kerja dan pengangguran yang tinggi) kerja-miskin dengan masalah yang sama (Wilson 1997). Pengusaha telah baik pindah dari daerah-daerah tersebut atau tidak pernah ada di tempat pertama, menyebabkan masyarakat hampir ghettoized orang tergantung pada manfaat kesejahteraan. Di Inggris, Power dan Tunstall (1995) mengidentifikasi pengangguran sebagai masalah kronis di perkebunan dewan terpolarisasi dan terpinggirkan. Pengangguran laki-laki, terutama di kalangan anak muda, adalah penyebab utama dari kerusuhan dan gangguan kekerasan di daerah perkotaan. Pengangguran laki-laki juga terkait dengan keluarga dan hubungan breakdown (Kiernan dan Mueller 1998), yang pada gilirannya berhubungan dengan tunawisma laki-laki. Hilangnya pekerjaan penting, karena pekerjaan tidak hanya sumber pendapatan tetapi sumber utama status. Seorang individu atau seluruh masyarakat bisa kehilangan harga diri dan. dengan itu, "kapasitas untuk merencanakan, mengatur waktu dan untuk mendapatkan sesuatu '(Mulgan 1998). Namun, masalahnya adalah tidak hanya hilangnya pekerjaan, tetapi perubahan struktur ekonomi (Kleinman 1998). Ketidaksesuaian antara keterampilan yang dibutuhkan oleh pasar tenaga kerja dan peningkatan permintaan untuk ketrampilan khusus berarti bahwa angkatan kerja sekarang perlu dididik untuk NVQ tingkat 3 atau lebih tinggi. Permintaan untuk pekerja menarik penumpang dari seluruh Timur Selatan ditambah pekerja asing, tetapi gagal untuk menarik kolam pengangguran, misalnya, daerah London dalam (Kleinman 1998). Ini diperparah pengangguran di perkebunan dewan. Peningkatan pengangguran dan perubahan struktur ketenagakerjaan menyoroti cara beberapa 'mendasari' negara kesejahteraan datang terpaut (Ilustrasi 4.1). Pengangguran, untuk sebagian besar, adalah masalah yang tak terduga seperti niat itu untuk mencapai full employment.
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