Code Choice· Choosing Your Variety

Code Choice
· Choosing Your Variety or Code
What is your linguistic or code?
The code we choose to use on a particular occasion is likely to indicate how we wish to be viewed by others. If we can comfortably control a number of codes, then we would seem to have an advantage over those who lack such control. Speaking several of the languages can obviously be distinctly advantageous in a multilingual gathering. Code-switching may be a very useful social skill. The converse of this, of course is that we will be judged by the code we choose to employ on a particular occasion.
Example 1
Kalala is 16 years od. He lives inBukavu, an African city in eastern Zaire with a population of about 220,000. It is a multicultural, multilingual city with more people coming and going for work and businessreasons than people who live there permanently. Over forty groups speaking different language can be found in the city. Kalala , like many of his friends is an employed. He spends his days roaming the streets, stopping off periodically at regular meeting places in the market place, in the park, or at a friend’s place. Dueing a normal day he uses at least three different varieties or codes, and sometimes more.
Kalala speaks an informal style of shi, his tribal language, at home with his family, and he is familiar with the formal shi used for wesddings and funerals. He uses informal shi in the market-place when he deals with vendors from his own ethnic group. When he wants to communicate with people from a different tribal group, he uses the lingua franca of the area,Swahili. He learned standard zairean Swahili at school but the local market-place variety is title different. It has its own distinct linguistic features and even its own name-Kingwana. He uses kingwana to younger children and adults he meets in the streets, as well as to people in the market-place.
Standard Zalrean Swahilli, one of the national languages in bukavu for most official transactions. Despite the fact that French is the official language of Zaire, Kalala uses standard Zairean Swahili with officials in government offices when he has to fill in a form or pay a bill. He uses it when he tries for a job in a shop or an office, but there are very few jobs around. He spends most of his time with his friends, and with them he uses a special variety or code called indoubil.
· Domains of Language Use
Example 2
Anahina is a bilingual Tongan New Zealander living in Auckland. At home with her family she uses Tongan almost exclusively for a wide range of topics. She often talks to her grandmother about tongan costums for instance. With her mother she exchanges gossip about tongan friends and relatives. Tongan is the language the family uses at meal times. They discuss what have been doing, plan family outings and share information about tongan special events. It is only with her older sisters that she uses some English words when they are talking about school or doing their homework.
Certain social factors-who you are talking to, the social context of the talk, the functionand topic of the discussion-turn out to be important in accounting for language choice in many different kinds of speech community it has proved very useful, particularly when describing code choice in large speech communities, to look at typical interactions which involve these factors. We can imagine, for instance a typical family interaction. It would be located in the setting of the home; the typical participants will obviously be family members; and typical topics would be family activities Anahina’s family’s meal-time conversation described in example 2, illustrated this pattern well. A number of such typical interactions have been identified as relevant in describing pattern of code choice in many speech communities. They are known as domains of language use, a term popularized by an American sociolinguist, Joshua Fishman a domain involves typica

Code Choice
· Choosing Your Variety or Code
What is your linguistic or code?
 The code we choose to use on a particular occasion is likely to indicate how we wish to be viewed by others. If we can comfortably control a number of codes, then we would seem to have an advantage over those who lack such control. Speaking several of the languages can obviously be distinctly advantageous in a multilingual gathering. Code-switching may be a very useful social skill. The converse of this, of course is that we will be judged by the code we choose to employ on a particular occasion. 
 Example 1
Kalala is 16 years od. He lives inBukavu, an African city in eastern Zaire with a population of about 220,000. It is a multicultural, multilingual city with more people coming and going for work and businessreasons than people who live there permanently. Over forty groups speaking different language can be found in the city. Kalala , like many of his friends is an employed. He spends his days roaming the streets, stopping off periodically at regular meeting places in the market place, in the park, or at a friend’s place. Dueing a normal day he uses at least three different varieties or codes, and sometimes more.
Kalala speaks an informal style of shi, his tribal language, at home with his family, and he is familiar with the formal shi used for wesddings and funerals. He uses informal shi in the market-place when he deals with vendors from his own ethnic group. When he wants to communicate with people from a different tribal group, he uses the lingua franca of the area,Swahili. He learned standard zairean Swahili at school but the local market-place variety is title different. It has its own distinct linguistic features and even its own name-Kingwana. He uses kingwana to younger children and adults he meets in the streets, as well as to people in the market-place.
 Standard Zalrean Swahilli, one of the national languages in bukavu for most official transactions. Despite the fact that French is the official language of Zaire, Kalala uses standard Zairean Swahili with officials in government offices when he has to fill in a form or pay a bill. He uses it when he tries for a job in a shop or an office, but there are very few jobs around. He spends most of his time with his friends, and with them he uses a special variety or code called indoubil.
· Domains of Language Use
Example 2
Anahina is a bilingual Tongan New Zealander living in Auckland. At home with her family she uses Tongan almost exclusively for a wide range of topics. She often talks to her grandmother about tongan costums for instance. With her mother she exchanges gossip about tongan friends and relatives. Tongan is the language the family uses at meal times. They discuss what have been doing, plan family outings and share information about tongan special events. It is only with her older sisters that she uses some English words when they are talking about school or doing their homework.
Certain social factors-who you are talking to, the social context of the talk, the functionand topic of the discussion-turn out to be important in accounting for language choice in many different kinds of speech community it has proved very useful, particularly when describing code choice in large speech communities, to look at typical interactions which involve these factors. We can imagine, for instance a typical family interaction. It would be located in the setting of the home; the typical participants will obviously be family members; and typical topics would be family activities Anahina’s family’s meal-time conversation described in example 2, illustrated this pattern well. A number of such typical interactions have been identified as relevant in describing pattern of code choice in many speech communities. They are known as domains of language use, a term popularized by an American sociolinguist, Joshua Fishman a domain involves typica

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Code Choice· Choosing Your Variety or CodeWhat is your linguistic or code? The code we choose to use on a particular occasion is likely to indicate how we wish to be viewed by others. If we can comfortably control a number of codes, then we would seem to have an advantage over those who lack such control. Speaking several of the languages can obviously be distinctly advantageous in a multilingual gathering. Code-switching may be a very useful social skill. The converse of this, of course is that we will be judged by the code we choose to employ on a particular occasion. Example 1Kalala is 16 years od. He lives inBukavu, an African city in eastern Zaire with a population of about 220,000. It is a multicultural, multilingual city with more people coming and going for work and businessreasons than people who live there permanently. Over forty groups speaking different language can be found in the city. Kalala , like many of his friends is an employed. He spends his days roaming the streets, stopping off periodically at regular meeting places in the market place, in the park, or at a friend’s place. Dueing a normal day he uses at least three different varieties or codes, and sometimes more.Kalala speaks an informal style of shi, his tribal language, at home with his family, and he is familiar with the formal shi used for wesddings and funerals. He uses informal shi in the market-place when he deals with vendors from his own ethnic group. When he wants to communicate with people from a different tribal group, he uses the lingua franca of the area,Swahili. He learned standard zairean Swahili at school but the local market-place variety is title different. It has its own distinct linguistic features and even its own name-Kingwana. He uses kingwana to younger children and adults he meets in the streets, as well as to people in the market-place. Standard Zalrean Swahilli, one of the national languages in bukavu for most official transactions. Despite the fact that French is the official language of Zaire, Kalala uses standard Zairean Swahili with officials in government offices when he has to fill in a form or pay a bill. He uses it when he tries for a job in a shop or an office, but there are very few jobs around. He spends most of his time with his friends, and with them he uses a special variety or code called indoubil.· Domains of Language UseExample 2Anahina is a bilingual Tongan New Zealander living in Auckland. At home with her family she uses Tongan almost exclusively for a wide range of topics. She often talks to her grandmother about tongan costums for instance. With her mother she exchanges gossip about tongan friends and relatives. Tongan is the language the family uses at meal times. They discuss what have been doing, plan family outings and share information about tongan special events. It is only with her older sisters that she uses some English words when they are talking about school or doing their homework.Certain social factors-who you are talking to, the social context of the talk, the functionand topic of the discussion-turn out to be important in accounting for language choice in many different kinds of speech community it has proved very useful, particularly when describing code choice in large speech communities, to look at typical interactions which involve these factors. We can imagine, for instance a typical family interaction. It would be located in the setting of the home; the typical participants will obviously be family members; and typical topics would be family activities Anahina’s family’s meal-time conversation described in example 2, illustrated this pattern well. A number of such typical interactions have been identified as relevant in describing pattern of code choice in many speech communities. They are known as domains of language use, a term popularized by an American sociolinguist, Joshua Fishman a domain involves typica

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Kode Choice
· Memilih Ragam Anda atau kode
Apa kode linguistik atau Anda?
Kode yang kita pilih untuk digunakan pada kesempatan tertentu cenderung untuk menunjukkan bagaimana kita ingin dilihat oleh orang lain. Jika kita nyaman dapat mengontrol sejumlah kode, maka kita akan tampaknya memiliki keuntungan lebih dari mereka yang tidak memiliki kontrol tersebut. Berbicara beberapa bahasa jelas dapat jelas menguntungkan dalam pertemuan multibahasa. Alih kode mungkin keterampilan sosial yang sangat berguna. Kebalikan dari ini, tentu saja adalah bahwa kita akan dinilai oleh kode kita memilih untuk mempekerjakan pada kesempatan tertentu.
Contoh 1
Kalala adalah 16 tahun od. Dia tinggal inBukavu, sebuah kota Afrika di Zaire timur dengan populasi sekitar 220.000. Ini adalah multikultural, kota multibahasa dengan lebih banyak orang datang dan pergi untuk bekerja dan businessreasons dari orang-orang yang tinggal di sana secara permanen. Lebih dari empat puluh kelompok berbicara bahasa yang berbeda dapat ditemukan di kota. Kalala, seperti banyak dari teman-temannya merupakan dipekerjakan. Dia menghabiskan hari-harinya berkeliaran di jalanan, berhenti turun secara berkala di tempat-tempat pertemuan rutin di pasar, di taman, atau di tempat teman. Dueing hari biasa ia menggunakan setidaknya tiga varietas atau kode yang berbeda, dan kadang-kadang lebih.
Kalala berbicara gaya informal shi, bahasa suku nya, di rumah bersama keluarganya, dan ia akrab dengan shi formal yang digunakan untuk wesddings dan pemakaman. Dia menggunakan informal yang shi di pasar-tempat ketika ia berurusan dengan vendor dari kelompok etnis sendiri. Ketika ia ingin berkomunikasi dengan orang-orang dari kelompok suku yang berbeda, ia menggunakan lingua franca daerah, Swahili. Dia belajar standar Zaire Swahili di sekolah tetapi berbagai pasar-tempat lokal judul yang berbeda. Ini memiliki fitur linguistik sendiri yang berbeda dan bahkan sendiri nama-Kingwana. Dia menggunakan kingwana untuk anak-anak muda dan orang dewasa ia bertemu di jalan-jalan, serta orang-orang di pasar-tempat.
Standar Zalrean Swahilli, salah satu bahasa nasional di Bukavu untuk transaksi yang paling resmi. Terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa Perancis adalah bahasa resmi Zaire, Kalala menggunakan standar Zaire Swahili dengan pejabat di kantor-kantor pemerintah ketika ia harus mengisi formulir atau membayar tagihan. Dia menggunakan itu ketika ia mencoba untuk pekerjaan di toko atau kantor, tapi ada sedikit pekerjaan di sekitar. Dia menghabiskan sebagian besar waktunya dengan teman-temannya, dan dengan mereka ia menggunakan berbagai khusus atau kode yang disebut indoubil.
· Domain dari Bahasa Gunakan
Contoh 2
Anahina adalah Tonga Selandia Baru hidup bilingual di Auckland. Di rumah dengan keluarganya ia menggunakan Tonga hampir secara eksklusif untuk berbagai topik. Dia sering berbicara dengan neneknya tentang costums tongan misalnya. Dengan ibunya dia bertukar gosip tentang teman tongan dan kerabat. Tonga adalah bahasa keluarga menggunakan pada waktu makan. Mereka mendiskusikan apa yang telah dilakukan, merencanakan acara keluarga dan berbagi informasi tentang tongan acara khusus. Hanya dengan adik-adiknya yang lebih tua bahwa dia menggunakan beberapa kata bahasa Inggris ketika mereka berbicara tentang sekolah atau melakukan pekerjaan rumah mereka.
Faktor-yang sosial tertentu yang Anda ajak bicara, konteks sosial pembicaraan, topik functionand dari diskusi-berubah menjadi penting dalam akuntansi untuk pilihan bahasa dalam berbagai macam masyarakat tutur telah terbukti sangat berguna, terutama ketika menjelaskan kode pilihan di masyarakat pidato besar, untuk melihat interaksi yang khas yang melibatkan faktor-faktor ini. Kita bisa bayangkan, misalnya interaksi keluarga yang khas. Ini akan terletak dalam pengaturan rumah; peserta khas jelas akan menjadi anggota keluarga; dan topik khas akan kegiatan keluarga percakapan makan waktu Anahina ini keluarga dijelaskan dalam contoh 2, digambarkan pola ini dengan baik. Sejumlah interaksi khas tersebut telah diidentifikasi sebagai relevan dalam menggambarkan pola kode pilihan di banyak komunitas pidato. Mereka dikenal sebagai domain dari penggunaan bahasa, istilah yang dipopulerkan oleh sociolinguist Amerika, Joshua Fishman domain melibatkan typica

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