Before entering on the subject of this chapter, I must make afew preli terjemahan - Before entering on the subject of this chapter, I must make afew preli Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Before entering on the subject of t

Before entering on the subject of this chapter, I must make a
few preliminary remarks, to show how the struggle for existence
bears on Natural Selection. It has been seen in the last chapter that
2
amongst organic beings in a state of nature there is some individual
variability; indeed I am not aware that this has ever been disputed. …
How have all those exquisite adaptations of one part of the
organisation to another part, and to the conditions of life, and of one
distinct organic being to another being, been perfected? We see these
beautiful co‐adaptations most plainly in the woodpecker and
missletoe; and only a little less plainly in the humblest parasite which
clings to the hairs of a quadruped or feathers of a bird; in the structure
of the beetle which dives through the water; in the plumed seed
which is wafted by the gentlest breeze; in short, we see beautiful
adaptations everywhere and in every part of the organic world.

I should premise that I use the term Struggle for Existence in a
large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on
another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of
the individual, but success in leaving progeny. Two canine animals in
a time of dearth, may be truly said to struggle with each other which
shall get food and live. But a plant on the edge of a desert is said to
struggle for life against the drought, though more properly it should
be said to be dependent on the moisture. A plant which annually
produces a thousand seeds, of which on an average only one comes to
maturity, may be more truly said to struggle with the plants of the
same and other kinds which already clothe the ground. … In these
several senses, which pass into each other, I use for convenience sake
the general term of struggle for existence.
A struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high rate
at which all organic beings tend to increase. Every being, which
during its natural lifetime produces several eggs or seeds, must suffer
destruction during some period of its life, and during some season or
occasional year, otherwise, on the principle of geometrical increase, its
numbers would quickly become so inordinately great that no country
could support the product. Hence, as more individuals are produced
than can possibly survive, there must in every case be a struggle for
existence, either one individual with another of the same species, or
with the individuals of distinct species, or with the physical
conditions of life. It is the doctrine of Malthus1 applied with manifold
force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms; for in this case
there can be no artificial increase of food, and no prudential restraint
from marriage. Although some species may be now increasing in
numbers, all cannot do so, for the world would not hold them
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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Before entering on the subject of this chapter, I must make afew preliminary remarks, to show how the struggle for existencebears on Natural Selection. It has been seen in the last chapter that2amongst organic beings in a state of nature there is some individualvariability; indeed I am not aware that this has ever been disputed. …How have all those exquisite adaptations of one part of theorganisation to another part, and to the conditions of life, and of onedistinct organic being to another being, been perfected? We see thesebeautiful co‐adaptations most plainly in the woodpecker andmissletoe; and only a little less plainly in the humblest parasite whichclings to the hairs of a quadruped or feathers of a bird; in the structureof the beetle which dives through the water; in the plumed seedwhich is wafted by the gentlest breeze; in short, we see beautifuladaptations everywhere and in every part of the organic world.…I should premise that I use the term Struggle for Existence in alarge and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being onanother, and including (which is more important) not only the life ofthe individual, but success in leaving progeny. Two canine animals ina time of dearth, may be truly said to struggle with each other whichshall get food and live. But a plant on the edge of a desert is said tostruggle for life against the drought, though more properly it shouldbe said to be dependent on the moisture. A plant which annuallyproduces a thousand seeds, of which on an average only one comes tomaturity, may be more truly said to struggle with the plants of thesame and other kinds which already clothe the ground. … In theseseveral senses, which pass into each other, I use for convenience sakethe general term of struggle for existence.A struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high rateat which all organic beings tend to increase. Every being, whichduring its natural lifetime produces several eggs or seeds, must sufferdestruction during some period of its life, and during some season oroccasional year, otherwise, on the principle of geometrical increase, itsnumbers would quickly become so inordinately great that no countrycould support the product. Hence, as more individuals are producedthan can possibly survive, there must in every case be a struggle forexistence, either one individual with another of the same species, orwith the individuals of distinct species, or with the physicalconditions of life. It is the doctrine of Malthus1 applied with manifoldforce to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms; for in this casethere can be no artificial increase of food, and no prudential restraintfrom marriage. Although some species may be now increasing innumbers, all cannot do so, for the world would not hold them
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Sebelum memasuki tentang masalah bab ini, saya harus membuat
pernyataan awal sedikit, untuk menunjukkan bagaimana perjuangan untuk eksistensi
dikenakan pada Seleksi Alam. Telah terlihat dalam bab terakhir yang
2
di antara makhluk hidup dalam keadaan alam ada beberapa individu
variabilitas; memang saya tidak menyadari bahwa hal ini pernah disengketakan. ...
Bagaimana memiliki semua adaptasi indah dari salah satu bagian dari
organisasi ke bagian lain, dan kondisi kehidupan, dan satu
makhluk hidup yang berbeda untuk makhluk lain, telah disempurnakan? Kami melihat ini
indah co-adaptasi yang paling jelas di pelatuk dan
missletoe; dan hanya sedikit kurang jelas dalam parasit paling sederhana yang
menempel di rambut dari binatang berkaki empat atau bulu burung; dalam struktur
dari kumbang yang menyelam melalui air; dalam biji berbulu
yang tercium oleh angin lembut; Singkatnya, kita melihat indah
adaptasi di mana-mana dan di setiap bagian dari dunia organik.
...
Saya harus premis bahwa saya menggunakan Perjuangan istilah untuk Keberadaan dalam
arti besar dan metaforis, termasuk ketergantungan satu berada di
lain, dan termasuk (yang lebih penting) tidak hanya kehidupan
individu, tetapi keberhasilan dalam meninggalkan keturunan. Dua hewan anjing di
waktu kelangkaan, dapat benar-benar dikatakan berjuang dengan satu sama lain yang
akan mendapatkan makanan dan hidup. Tapi tanaman di tepi gurun dikatakan
berjuang untuk hidup terhadap kekeringan, meskipun lebih baik itu harus
dikatakan tergantung pada kelembaban. Sebuah pabrik yang setiap tahunnya
menghasilkan seribu benih, yang pada rata-rata hanya satu datang ke
jatuh tempo, dapat lebih benar-benar dikatakan berjuang dengan tanaman dari
jenis yang sama dan lainnya yang sudah pakaian tanah. ... Dalam
beberapa pengertian, yang masuk ke dalam satu sama lain, saya menggunakan demi kenyamanan
istilah umum perjuangan untuk eksistensi.
Sebuah perjuangan untuk eksistensi pasti mengikuti dari tingkat tinggi
di mana semua makhluk organik cenderung meningkat. Setiap makhluk, yang
selama hidup alam menghasilkan beberapa telur atau biji, harus menderita
kerusakan selama beberapa periode hidupnya, dan selama beberapa musim atau
tahun sesekali, jika tidak, pada prinsip peningkatan geometris, yang
nomor cepat akan menjadi begitu besar bahwa inordinately tidak ada negara
dapat mendukung produk. Oleh karena itu, karena lebih banyak individu yang dihasilkan
dari kemungkinan dapat bertahan hidup, harus ada dalam setiap kasus menjadi perjuangan untuk
eksistensi, salah satu individu dengan yang lain dari spesies yang sama, atau
dengan individu dari spesies yang berbeda, atau dengan fisik
kondisi kehidupan. Ini adalah doktrin Malthus1 diterapkan dengan bermacam-macam
kekuatan untuk seluruh kerajaan hewan dan sayuran; dalam hal ini
tidak ada peningkatan buatan makanan, dan tidak ada pembatasan kehati-hatian
dari pernikahan. Meskipun beberapa spesies mungkin sekarang meningkat di
angka, semua tidak bisa melakukannya, karena dunia tidak akan menahan mereka
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