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Volkswagen is just one of a growing number of foreign companies, large andsmall, that are doing business with firms in other countries. Some companies,such as Coca-Cola, sell to firms in other countries; others, such as Pier 1Imports, buy goods around the world to import into the United States. Whether theybuy or sell products across national borders, these companies are all contributing tothe volume of international trade that is fueling the global economy.Theoretically, international trade is every bit as logical and worthwhile as interstatetrade between, say, California and Washington. Yet, nations tend to restrict theimport of certain goods for a variety of reasons. For example, in the early 2000s,the United States restricted the import of Mexican fresh tomatoes because they wereundercutting price levels of domestic fresh tomatoes.Despite such restrictions, international trade has increased almost steadily sinceWorld War II. Many of the industrialized nations have signed trade agreements intendedto eliminate problems in international business and to help less-developed nations participatein world trade. Individual firms around the world have seized the opportunityto compete in foreign markets by exporting products and increasing foreign production,as well as by other means.70Signing the Trade Act of 2002, President George W. Bush remarked, “Trade is animportant source of good jobs for our workers and a source of higher growth for oureconomy. Free trade is also a proven strategy for building global prosperity and addingto the momentum of political freedom. Trade is an engine of economic growth. Inour lifetime, trade has helped lift millions of people and whole nations out of povertyand put them on the path of prosperity.”2 In his national best seller, The World Is Flat,Thomas L. Friedman states, “The flattening of the world has presented us with newopportunities, new challenges, new partners but, also, alas new dangers, particularly asAmericans it is imperative that we be the best global citizens that we can be—becausein a flat world, if you don’t visit a bad neighborhood, it might visit you.”We describe international trade in this chapter in terms of modern specialization,whereby each country trades the surplus goods and services it produces most efficientlyfor products in short supply. We also explain the restrictions nations place on productsand services from other countries and present some of the possible advantages anddisadvantages of these restrictions. We then describe the extent of international tradeand identify the organizations working to foster it. We describe several methods ofentering international markets and the various sources of export assistance availablefrom the federal government. Finally, we identify some of the institutions that providethe complex financing necessary for modern international trade.The Basis for International BusinessInternational business encompasses all business activities that involve exchangesacross national boundaries. Thus, a firm is engaged in international business whenit buys some portion of its input from, or sells some portion of its output to, anorganization located in a foreign country. (A small retail store may sell goods producedin some other country. However, because it purchases these goods from Americandistributors, it is not engaged in international trade.)Absolute and Comparative AdvantageSome countries are better equipped than others to produce particular goods or services.The reason may be a country’s natural resources, its labor supply, or even customsor a historical accident. Such a country would be best off if it could specialize inthe production of such products so that it can produce them most efficiently. Thecountry could use what it needed of these products and then tradethe surplus for products it could not produce efficiently on its own.Saudi Arabia thus has specialized in the production of crude oiland petroleum products; South Africa, in diamonds; and Australia,in wool. Each of these countries is said to have an absolute advantagewith regard to a particular product. An absolute advantageis the ability to produce a specific product more efficiently than anyother nation.One country may have an absolute advantage with regard toseveral products, whereas another country may have no absoluteadvantage at all. Yet it is still worthwhile for these two countries tospecialize and trade with each other. To see why this is so, imaginethat you are the president of a successful manufacturing firm andthat you can accurately type 90 words per minute. Your assistantcan type 80 words per minute but would run the business poorly.Thus, you have an absolute advantage over your assistant in bothtyping and managing. However, you cannot afford to type yourown letters because your time is better spent in managing the business.That is, you have a comparative advantage in managing. Acomparative advantage is the ability to produce a specific productmore efficiently than any other product.71
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