Volkswagen is just one of a growing number of foreign companies, large terjemahan - Volkswagen is just one of a growing number of foreign companies, large Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Volkswagen is just one of a growing

Volkswagen is just one of a growing number of foreign companies, large and
small, that are doing business with firms in other countries. Some companies,
such as Coca-Cola, sell to firms in other countries; others, such as Pier 1
Imports, buy goods around the world to import into the United States. Whether they
buy or sell products across national borders, these companies are all contributing to
the volume of international trade that is fueling the global economy.
Theoretically, international trade is every bit as logical and worthwhile as interstate
trade between, say, California and Washington. Yet, nations tend to restrict the
import of certain goods for a variety of reasons. For example, in the early 2000s,
the United States restricted the import of Mexican fresh tomatoes because they were
undercutting price levels of domestic fresh tomatoes.
Despite such restrictions, international trade has increased almost steadily since
World War II. Many of the industrialized nations have signed trade agreements intended
to eliminate problems in international business and to help less-developed nations participate
in world trade. Individual firms around the world have seized the opportunity
to compete in foreign markets by exporting products and increasing foreign production,
as well as by other means.
70

Signing the Trade Act of 2002, President George W. Bush remarked, “Trade is an
important source of good jobs for our workers and a source of higher growth for our
economy. Free trade is also a proven strategy for building global prosperity and adding
to the momentum of political freedom. Trade is an engine of economic growth. In
our lifetime, trade has helped lift millions of people and whole nations out of poverty
and put them on the path of prosperity.”2 In his national best seller, The World Is Flat,
Thomas L. Friedman states, “The flattening of the world has presented us with new
opportunities, new challenges, new partners but, also, alas new dangers, particularly as
Americans it is imperative that we be the best global citizens that we can be—because
in a flat world, if you don’t visit a bad neighborhood, it might visit you.”
We describe international trade in this chapter in terms of modern specialization,
whereby each country trades the surplus goods and services it produces most efficiently
for products in short supply. We also explain the restrictions nations place on products
and services from other countries and present some of the possible advantages and
disadvantages of these restrictions. We then describe the extent of international trade
and identify the organizations working to foster it. We describe several methods of
entering international markets and the various sources of export assistance available
from the federal government. Finally, we identify some of the institutions that provide
the complex financing necessary for modern international trade.
The Basis for International Business
International business encompasses all business activities that involve exchanges
across national boundaries. Thus, a firm is engaged in international business when
it buys some portion of its input from, or sells some portion of its output to, an
organization located in a foreign country. (A small retail store may sell goods produced
in some other country. However, because it purchases these goods from American
distributors, it is not engaged in international trade.)
Absolute and Comparative Advantage
Some countries are better equipped than others to produce particular goods or services.
The reason may be a country’s natural resources, its labor supply, or even customs
or a historical accident. Such a country would be best off if it could specialize in
the production of such products so that it can produce them most efficiently. The
country could use what it needed of these products and then trade
the surplus for products it could not produce efficiently on its own.
Saudi Arabia thus has specialized in the production of crude oil
and petroleum products; South Africa, in diamonds; and Australia,
in wool. Each of these countries is said to have an absolute advantage
with regard to a particular product. An absolute advantage
is the ability to produce a specific product more efficiently than any
other nation.
One country may have an absolute advantage with regard to
several products, whereas another country may have no absolute
advantage at all. Yet it is still worthwhile for these two countries to
specialize and trade with each other. To see why this is so, imagine
that you are the president of a successful manufacturing firm and
that you can accurately type 90 words per minute. Your assistant
can type 80 words per minute but would run the business poorly.
Thus, you have an absolute advantage over your assistant in both
typing and managing. However, you cannot afford to type your
own letters because your time is better spent in managing the business.
That is, you have a comparative advantage in managing. A
comparative advantage is the ability to produce a specific product
more efficiently than any other product.
71
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Volkswagen is just one of a growing number of foreign companies, large andsmall, that are doing business with firms in other countries. Some companies,such as Coca-Cola, sell to firms in other countries; others, such as Pier 1Imports, buy goods around the world to import into the United States. Whether theybuy or sell products across national borders, these companies are all contributing tothe volume of international trade that is fueling the global economy.Theoretically, international trade is every bit as logical and worthwhile as interstatetrade between, say, California and Washington. Yet, nations tend to restrict theimport of certain goods for a variety of reasons. For example, in the early 2000s,the United States restricted the import of Mexican fresh tomatoes because they wereundercutting price levels of domestic fresh tomatoes.Despite such restrictions, international trade has increased almost steadily sinceWorld War II. Many of the industrialized nations have signed trade agreements intendedto eliminate problems in international business and to help less-developed nations participatein world trade. Individual firms around the world have seized the opportunityto compete in foreign markets by exporting products and increasing foreign production,as well as by other means.70Signing the Trade Act of 2002, President George W. Bush remarked, “Trade is animportant source of good jobs for our workers and a source of higher growth for oureconomy. Free trade is also a proven strategy for building global prosperity and addingto the momentum of political freedom. Trade is an engine of economic growth. Inour lifetime, trade has helped lift millions of people and whole nations out of povertyand put them on the path of prosperity.”2 In his national best seller, The World Is Flat,Thomas L. Friedman states, “The flattening of the world has presented us with newopportunities, new challenges, new partners but, also, alas new dangers, particularly asAmericans it is imperative that we be the best global citizens that we can be—becausein a flat world, if you don’t visit a bad neighborhood, it might visit you.”We describe international trade in this chapter in terms of modern specialization,whereby each country trades the surplus goods and services it produces most efficientlyfor products in short supply. We also explain the restrictions nations place on productsand services from other countries and present some of the possible advantages anddisadvantages of these restrictions. We then describe the extent of international tradeand identify the organizations working to foster it. We describe several methods ofentering international markets and the various sources of export assistance availablefrom the federal government. Finally, we identify some of the institutions that providethe complex financing necessary for modern international trade.The Basis for International BusinessInternational business encompasses all business activities that involve exchangesacross national boundaries. Thus, a firm is engaged in international business whenit buys some portion of its input from, or sells some portion of its output to, anorganization located in a foreign country. (A small retail store may sell goods producedin some other country. However, because it purchases these goods from Americandistributors, it is not engaged in international trade.)Absolute and Comparative AdvantageSome countries are better equipped than others to produce particular goods or services.The reason may be a country’s natural resources, its labor supply, or even customsor a historical accident. Such a country would be best off if it could specialize inthe production of such products so that it can produce them most efficiently. Thecountry could use what it needed of these products and then tradethe surplus for products it could not produce efficiently on its own.Saudi Arabia thus has specialized in the production of crude oiland petroleum products; South Africa, in diamonds; and Australia,in wool. Each of these countries is said to have an absolute advantagewith regard to a particular product. An absolute advantageis the ability to produce a specific product more efficiently than anyother nation.One country may have an absolute advantage with regard toseveral products, whereas another country may have no absoluteadvantage at all. Yet it is still worthwhile for these two countries tospecialize and trade with each other. To see why this is so, imaginethat you are the president of a successful manufacturing firm andthat you can accurately type 90 words per minute. Your assistantcan type 80 words per minute but would run the business poorly.Thus, you have an absolute advantage over your assistant in bothtyping and managing. However, you cannot afford to type yourown letters because your time is better spent in managing the business.That is, you have a comparative advantage in managing. Acomparative advantage is the ability to produce a specific productmore efficiently than any other product.71
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Volkswagen adalah salah satu dari meningkatnya jumlah perusahaan asing, besar dan
kecil, yang melakukan bisnis dengan perusahaan-perusahaan di negara lain. Beberapa perusahaan,
seperti Coca-Cola, menjual ke perusahaan-perusahaan di negara-negara lain; lain, seperti Pier 1
Imports, membeli barang-barang di seluruh dunia untuk diimpor ke Amerika Serikat. Apakah mereka
membeli atau menjual produk lintas batas nasional, perusahaan-perusahaan ini semua berkontribusi terhadap
volume perdagangan internasional yang memicu ekonomi global.
Secara teoritis, perdagangan internasional adalah setiap bit sebagai logis dan bermanfaat sebagai interstate
perdagangan antara, katakanlah, California dan Washington. Namun, negara-negara cenderung membatasi
impor barang tertentu untuk berbagai alasan. Sebagai contoh, di awal 2000-an,
Amerika Serikat membatasi impor Meksiko tomat segar karena mereka
meremehkan tingkat harga domestik tomat segar.
Meskipun pembatasan tersebut, perdagangan internasional telah meningkat hampir terus sejak
Perang Dunia II. Banyak dari negara-negara industri telah menandatangani perjanjian perdagangan dimaksudkan
untuk menghilangkan masalah dalam bisnis internasional dan untuk membantu negara-negara kurang berkembang berpartisipasi
dalam perdagangan dunia. Perusahaan individual di seluruh dunia telah mengambil kesempatan
untuk bersaing di pasar luar negeri dengan mengekspor produk dan meningkatkan produksi asing,
serta dengan cara lain.
70 Penandatanganan UU Perdagangan tahun 2002, Presiden George W. Bush mengatakan, "Perdagangan adalah sumber penting pekerjaan yang baik bagi pekerja dan sumber pertumbuhan yang lebih tinggi untuk kami ekonomi. Perdagangan bebas juga merupakan strategi yang telah terbukti untuk membangun kemakmuran global dan menambahkan momentum kebebasan politik. Perdagangan merupakan mesin pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dalam hidup kita, perdagangan telah membantu mengangkat jutaan orang dan seluruh bangsa dari kemiskinan dan menempatkan mereka di jalan kemakmuran. "2 di best seller nasional, The World Is Flat Thomas L. Friedman menyatakan," The mendatarkan dunia telah disajikan kita dengan baru peluang, tantangan baru, mitra baru tapi, juga, sayangnya bahaya baru, terutama karena Amerika sangat penting bahwa kita menjadi yang terbaik warga dunia bahwa kita bisa-karena di dunia yang datar, jika Anda tidak mengunjungi lingkungan yang buruk, mungkin Anda kunjungi. "Kami menjelaskan perdagangan internasional dalam bab ini dalam hal spesialisasi modern, dimana masing-masing negara perdagangan barang dan jasa kelebihan menghasilkan paling efisien untuk produk dalam pasokan pendek. Kami juga menjelaskan pembatasan negara menempatkan pada produk dan jasa dari negara lain dan menyajikan beberapa keuntungan mungkin dan kerugian dari pembatasan ini. Kami kemudian menjelaskan sejauh mana perdagangan internasional dan mengidentifikasi organisasi yang bekerja untuk mendorong itu. Kami menjelaskan beberapa metode memasuki pasar internasional dan berbagai sumber bantuan ekspor yang tersedia dari pemerintah federal. Akhirnya, kita mengidentifikasi beberapa lembaga yang menyediakan pembiayaan yang kompleks yang diperlukan untuk perdagangan internasional modern. Dasar untuk Bisnis Internasional Bisnis Internasional mencakup semua kegiatan bisnis yang melibatkan pertukaran melintasi batas-batas nasional. Dengan demikian, suatu perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bisnis internasional ketika itu membeli beberapa bagian dari input dari, atau menjual beberapa bagian dari output nya ke, sebuah organisasi terletak di negara asing. (Sebuah toko ritel kecil dapat menjual barang-barang yang diproduksi di beberapa negara lain. Namun, karena membeli barang-barang ini dari Amerika distributor, tidak terlibat dalam perdagangan internasional.) Absolute dan Keunggulan Komparatif Beberapa negara lebih siap daripada yang lain untuk memproduksi barang tertentu atau jasa. Alasannya mungkin sumber daya suatu negara alami, pasokan tenaga kerja, atau bahkan kebiasaan atau kecelakaan sejarah. Negara tersebut akan menjadi terbaik off jika itu bisa mengkhususkan diri dalam produksi produk tersebut sehingga dapat menghasilkan mereka yang paling efisien. The negara bisa menggunakan apa yang dibutuhkan dari produk ini dan kemudian perdagangan surplus untuk produk itu tidak bisa menghasilkan efisien sendiri. Arab Saudi sehingga memiliki spesialisasi dalam produksi minyak mentah produk dan minyak; Afrika Selatan, berlian; dan Australia, di wol. Masing-masing negara tersebut dikatakan memiliki keunggulan absolut berkaitan dengan produk tertentu. Keunggulan absolut adalah kemampuan untuk menghasilkan produk tertentu lebih efisien daripada bangsa lain. Salah satu negara mungkin memiliki keunggulan absolut berkaitan dengan beberapa produk, sedangkan negara lain mungkin tidak memiliki mutlak keuntungan sama sekali. Namun masih bermanfaat bagi kedua negara untuk mengkhususkan dan perdagangan dengan satu sama lain. Untuk melihat mengapa demikian, bayangkan bahwa Anda adalah presiden dari sebuah perusahaan manufaktur yang sukses dan bahwa Anda secara akurat dapat mengetik 90 kata per menit. Asisten Anda dapat mengetik 80 kata per menit tapi akan menjalankan bisnis buruk. Dengan demikian, Anda memiliki keuntungan mutlak atas asisten Anda di kedua mengetik dan mengelola. Namun, Anda tidak mampu untuk mengetik Anda surat sendiri karena waktu Anda lebih baik dihabiskan dalam mengelola usaha. Artinya, Anda memiliki keunggulan komparatif dalam mengelola. Sebuah keunggulan komparatif adalah kemampuan untuk menghasilkan produk tertentu lebih efisien daripada produk lainnya. 71






















































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