675J. Parasitol., 94(3), 2008, pp. 675–683! American Society of Parasi terjemahan - 675J. Parasitol., 94(3), 2008, pp. 675–683! American Society of Parasi Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

675J. Parasitol., 94(3), 2008, pp.

675
J. Parasitol., 94(3), 2008, pp. 675–683
! American Society of Parasitologists 2008
RISK FACTORS FOR TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN WILD RODENTS FROM
CENTRAL COASTAL CALIFORNIA AND A REVIEW OF T. GONDII PREVALENCE
IN RODENTS
Haydee A. Dabritz*, Melissa A. Miller†, Ian A. Gardner‡, Andrea E. Packham, E. Robert Atwill§, and Patricia A. Conrad"
School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Vet Med III-A, Room 4206, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616.
e-mail: paconrad@ucdavis.edu
ABSTRACT: Sera from 523 wild rodents were tested for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using either an indirect fluorescent antibody
test (IFAT) (rats and mice, with titer !80 considered positive) or a latex agglutination test (LAT) (voles, squirrels, and pocket
mice, with titer !32 considered positive). Seventeen percent (88/523) of the rodents, including 26% (85/328) of the Peromyscus
sp. and 8% (3/37) of Spermophilus beecheyi, were seropositive. Fourteen percent (23/161) of rodents captured in trap sites next
to Morro Bay (California) and 15% (16/109) of rodents from sites adjacent to riparian habitats had antibodies to T. gondii,
compared to 19% (49/253) of rodents captured in habitats not associated with water; this difference was not statistically significant
(P ! 0.32). Significantly fewer rodents were captured "200 m from residential housing compared to locations further away (11%
vs. 30%, respectively). Factors associated with an increased risk for T. gondii seropositivity in rodents were capture location
!200 m from residential housing and adult age.
The protozoan parasite T. gondii infects most species of
warm-blooded vertebrates, including rodents. Like humans, ro-
dents serve as intermediate hosts for T. gondii. Parasites form
a latent cyst stage in the tissues of intermediate hosts, notably
in the striated muscle and brain. The definitive hosts for T.
gondii are domestic and feral cats (Felis catus) and other mem-
bers of the Felidae (Dubey et al., 1970; Aramini et al., 1999;
Kenny et al., 2002). Cats also serve as intermediate hosts. Toxo-
plasma gondii undergoes sexual reproduction in the feline in-
testine, resulting in the production of millions of environmen-
tally resistant oocysts that are shed in cat feces (Dubey et al.,
1970). Rodents become infected after ingesting soil, vegetation,
or water contaminated with T. gondii oocysts. Toxoplasma gon-
dii can be transmitted horizontally between warm-blooded an-
imals, including humans, when they consume the raw or un-
dercooked flesh of intermediate or definitive hosts (Tenter et
al., 2000). Vertical transmission also occurs and is of particular
concern for humans, because infection in utero can cause abor-
tion or congenital defects in the fetus (Jones et al., 2003). Both
modes of transmission appear to be important to ensure the
survival of T. gondii in nature.
Small rodents play an important role in the life cycle of T.
gondii, because they are believed to represent the main source
of infection for domestic and feral cats. Studies of cat predation
on wildlife suggest that rodents comprise about two-thirds of
the prey consumed, although this may vary according to season,
rodent abundance, and the availability of other prey (McMurry
and Sperry, 1941; Hubbs, 1951; Eberhard, 1954; Molsher et al.,
1999). On islands where cats were not present, T. gondii in
intermediate hosts was rare or absent (Wallace, 1969; Garcelon
Received 1 June 2007; revised 19 September 2007; accepted 24 Oc-
tober 2007.
* Current affiliation: California Department of Public Health, Infant
Botulism Treatment and Prevention Program, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy,
E-361, Richmond, California 94804.
† California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Wildlife Veterinary
Care and Research Center, 1451 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, California
95060.
‡ Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California,
Davis, California 95616.
§ Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of
California, Davis, California 95616.
" To whom correspondence should be addressed.
et al., 1992; Dubey, Rollor et al., 1997). Conversely, on U.S.
swine farms where cats were abundant, the prevalence of T.
gondii infection in mice was significantly associated with a
higher mean density of cats on the premises (Smith et al., 1992;
Dubey, Weigel et al., 1995).
There is a paucity of data on T. gondii infection in small
mammals native to California. The most abundant rodent spe-
cies in coastal California ecosystems south of San Francisco
Bay are Peromyscus spp., including P. maniculatus (deer mice),
Microtus spp. (voles), and Perognathus spp. (pocket mice) (Ja-
meson and Peeters, 1988). It was not known which species may
be important in maintaining T. gondii infection in near shore-
dwelling wild carnivores and domestic cats, so a variety of
small mammals was included in the sampling protocol. In ad-
dition to constituting an important prey item for domestic cats,
rodents were also suitable for study because they are easily
captured, and tissues harvested at necropsy can later be tested
for the presence of parasites by immunohistochemistry or poly-
merase chain reaction (PCR).
The Morro Bay area of central coastal California was se-
lected for study because of the high proportion of southern sea
otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) with evidence of T. gondii infec-
tion (Miller et al., 2002; Conrad et al., 2005) off the adjacent
coastline. In an updated analysis of the risk for T. gondii ex-
posure in 562 live or dead otters (Conrad et al., 2005), otters
sampled between San Simeon and Morro Bay were 5 times
more likely to be infected with T. gondii than were otters living
along the more remote and rocky Big Sur coastline. An epi-
demiologic investigation of T. gondii infection prevalence in
owned and feral cats was being concurrently conducted in the
Morro Bay area (Dabritz et al., 2007). The objectives of this
study were to determine demographic and habitat-related risk
factors for T. gondii seropositivity in wild rodents and to obtain
tissue samples for future T. gondii genotyping. We hypothesized
that there would be a greater risk for T. gondii seropositivity in
wild rodents captured near residential housing, because of the
association with owned domestic cats. A previous study had
shown that T. gondii seropositivity in southern sea otters was
associated with high freshwater outflow (Miller et al., 2002),
so we also hypothesized that rodents captured near bodies of
water (Morro Bay) or water channels would be more likely to
be serologically positive.
676 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 94, NO. 3, JUNE 2008
TABLE I. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence by species for rodents
trapped in the Morro Bay area of California.
Species No. tested
No.
seropositive*
(%)
Peromyscus maniculatus 74 25 (34)
Peromyscus boylii 29 9 (31)
Peromyscus californicus 214 50 (23)
Peromyscus truei 11 1 (9)
Spermophilus beecheyi 37 3 (8)
Mus musculus 15 0 (0)
Microtus californicus 25 0 (0)
Neotoma fuscipes 50 0 (0)
Perognathus californicus 14 0 (0)
Reithrodontomys megalotis 44 0 (0)
Rattus rattus 10 0 (0)
Total 523 88 (17)
* For Peromyscus spp., Rattus spp., N. fuscipes, R. megalotis, and M. musculus,
a positive test was defined as an IFAT titer !80; for voles, squirrels, and P.
californicus, a positive test was defined as an LAT titer !32.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Rodent trapping
Trapping was conducted at 18 different locations in the Morro Bay
area between July 2004 and February 2006. Study sites were selected
to be either "200 m from residential housing or feral cat colonies,
where cat densities were expected to be high (n ! 13), or situated on
public lands !200 m from private residences (n ! 5). Sites were clas-
sified as being adjacent to Morro Bay (n ! 3), adjacent to riparian
habitats (n ! 6), or neither (n ! 9). Trapping occurred twice in each
wet (December–May) and dry (June–November) season. Each site was
trapped for a minimum of 2 nights. In the first trapping session of 2004
(July–August), only mice were sampled; other species were released.
Subsequently, sampled species were expanded to include rats and voles.
Trapping of S. beecheyi (California ground squirrels) began in 2005 and
was conducted at 4 sites. At 2 of these sites, ground squirrels were the
predominant species trapped. Ten to 60 traps were set per site, depend-
ing on the space available. For nocturnal rodents, kangaroo rat–sized
folding live traps (HB Sherman, Tallahassee, Florida) were set in a
transect layout 5–15 m apart within 2 hr of sunset and baited with
hamster/rat feed (Radco, San Jose, California). If temperatures were
expected to fall below 12 C, traps were bedded and over-baited. Traps
were collected within 3 hr of sunrise. At 4 sites, Tomahawk 48 # 15
# 15 cm live traps (Tomahawk Live Trap, Tomahawk, Wisconsin) were
set during daylight hours and monitored for 2–3 hr for the presence of
ground squirrels. Rodents were identified to species using a key (Ja-
meson and Peeters, 1988). The location of each captured animal was
recorded on a handheld Garmin GPS locator (Olathe, Kansas). All an-
imals were humanely handled in accordance with an animal use pro-
tocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at
the University of California (UC) Davis, which is accredited by the
Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal
Care International. In 2004 and 2005, captured rodents were killed using
CO2 asphyxiation and immediately bled by intracardiac puncture. In
2006 only, animals trapped on nights 1 and 2 were bled via the retro-
orbital sinus, ear-tagged, and released; rodents captured on the third
night were killed and bled via intracardiac puncture. After collection,
whole blood was allowed to clot and was centrifuged, and serum was
aliquoted into separate vials. Serum was either frozen and transported
to UC Davis on dry ice for testing or refrigerated until transport and
shipped in coolers at 4 C. Serum was
0/5000
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675J. Parasitol., 94(3), 2008, pp. 675–683! American Society of Parasitologists 2008RISK FACTORS FOR TOXOPLASMA GONDII INFECTION IN WILD RODENTS FROMCENTRAL COASTAL CALIFORNIA AND A REVIEW OF T. GONDII PREVALENCEIN RODENTSHaydee A. Dabritz*, Melissa A. Miller†, Ian A. Gardner‡, Andrea E. Packham, E. Robert Atwill§, and Patricia A. Conrad"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Vet Med III-A, Room 4206, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616.e-mail: paconrad@ucdavis.eduABSTRACT: Sera from 523 wild rodents were tested for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using either an indirect fluorescent antibodytest (IFAT) (rats and mice, with titer !80 considered positive) or a latex agglutination test (LAT) (voles, squirrels, and pocketmice, with titer !32 considered positive). Seventeen percent (88/523) of the rodents, including 26% (85/328) of the Peromyscussp. and 8% (3/37) of Spermophilus beecheyi, were seropositive. Fourteen percent (23/161) of rodents captured in trap sites nextto Morro Bay (California) and 15% (16/109) of rodents from sites adjacent to riparian habitats had antibodies to T. gondii,compared to 19% (49/253) of rodents captured in habitats not associated with water; this difference was not statistically significant(P ! 0.32). Significantly fewer rodents were captured "200 m from residential housing compared to locations further away (11%vs. 30%, respectively). Factors associated with an increased risk for T. gondii seropositivity in rodents were capture location!200 m from residential housing and adult age.The protozoan parasite T. gondii infects most species ofwarm-blooded vertebrates, including rodents. Like humans, ro-dents serve as intermediate hosts for T. gondii. Parasites forma latent cyst stage in the tissues of intermediate hosts, notablyin the striated muscle and brain. The definitive hosts for T.gondii are domestic and feral cats (Felis catus) and other mem-bers of the Felidae (Dubey et al., 1970; Aramini et al., 1999;Kenny et al., 2002). Cats also serve as intermediate hosts. Toxo-plasma gondii undergoes sexual reproduction in the feline in-testine, resulting in the production of millions of environmen-tally resistant oocysts that are shed in cat feces (Dubey et al.,1970). Rodents become infected after ingesting soil, vegetation,or water contaminated with T. gondii oocysts. Toxoplasma gon-dii can be transmitted horizontally between warm-blooded an-imals, including humans, when they consume the raw or un-dercooked flesh of intermediate or definitive hosts (Tenter etal., 2000). Vertical transmission also occurs and is of particularconcern for humans, because infection in utero can cause abor-tion or congenital defects in the fetus (Jones et al., 2003). Bothmodes of transmission appear to be important to ensure thesurvival of T. gondii in nature.Small rodents play an important role in the life cycle of T.gondii, because they are believed to represent the main sourceof infection for domestic and feral cats. Studies of cat predationon wildlife suggest that rodents comprise about two-thirds ofthe prey consumed, although this may vary according to season,rodent abundance, and the availability of other prey (McMurryand Sperry, 1941; Hubbs, 1951; Eberhard, 1954; Molsher et al.,1999). On islands where cats were not present, T. gondii inintermediate hosts was rare or absent (Wallace, 1969; GarcelonReceived 1 June 2007; revised 19 September 2007; accepted 24 Oc-tober 2007.* Current affiliation: California Department of Public Health, InfantBotulism Treatment and Prevention Program, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy,E-361, Richmond, California 94804.† California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Wildlife VeterinaryCare and Research Center, 1451 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, California95060.‡ Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California,Davis, California 95616.§ Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University ofCalifornia, Davis, California 95616." To whom correspondence should be addressed.et al., 1992; Dubey, Rollor et al., 1997). Conversely, on U.S.swine farms where cats were abundant, the prevalence of T.gondii infection in mice was significantly associated with ahigher mean density of cats on the premises (Smith et al., 1992;Dubey, Weigel et al., 1995).There is a paucity of data on T. gondii infection in smallmammals native to California. The most abundant rodent spe-cies in coastal California ecosystems south of San FranciscoBay are Peromyscus spp., including P. maniculatus (deer mice),Microtus spp. (voles), and Perognathus spp. (pocket mice) (Ja-meson and Peeters, 1988). It was not known which species maybe important in maintaining T. gondii infection in near shore-dwelling wild carnivores and domestic cats, so a variety ofsmall mammals was included in the sampling protocol. In ad-dition to constituting an important prey item for domestic cats,rodents were also suitable for study because they are easilycaptured, and tissues harvested at necropsy can later be testedfor the presence of parasites by immunohistochemistry or poly-merase chain reaction (PCR).The Morro Bay area of central coastal California was se-lected for study because of the high proportion of southern seaotters (Enhydra lutris nereis) with evidence of T. gondii infec-tion (Miller et al., 2002; Conrad et al., 2005) off the adjacentcoastline. In an updated analysis of the risk for T. gondii ex-posure in 562 live or dead otters (Conrad et al., 2005), otterssampled between San Simeon and Morro Bay were 5 timesmore likely to be infected with T. gondii than were otters livingalong the more remote and rocky Big Sur coastline. An epi-demiologic investigation of T. gondii infection prevalence inowned and feral cats was being concurrently conducted in theMorro Bay area (Dabritz et al., 2007). The objectives of thisstudy were to determine demographic and habitat-related riskfactors for T. gondii seropositivity in wild rodents and to obtaintissue samples for future T. gondii genotyping. We hypothesizedthat there would be a greater risk for T. gondii seropositivity inwild rodents captured near residential housing, because of theassociation with owned domestic cats. A previous study hadshown that T. gondii seropositivity in southern sea otters wasassociated with high freshwater outflow (Miller et al., 2002),so we also hypothesized that rodents captured near bodies ofwater (Morro Bay) or water channels would be more likely tobe serologically positive.676 THE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 94, NO. 3, JUNE 2008TABLE I. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence by species for rodentstrapped in the Morro Bay area of California.Species No. testedNo.seropositive*(%)Peromyscus maniculatus 74 25 (34)Peromyscus boylii 29 9 (31)Peromyscus californicus 214 50 (23)Peromyscus truei 11 1 (9)Spermophilus beecheyi 37 3 (8)Mus musculus 15 0 (0)Microtus californicus 25 0 (0)Neotoma fuscipes 50 0 (0)Perognathus californicus 14 0 (0)Reithrodontomys megalotis 44 0 (0)Rattus rattus 10 0 (0)Total 523 88 (17)* For Peromyscus spp., Rattus spp., N. fuscipes, R. megalotis, and M. musculus,a positive test was defined as an IFAT titer !80; for voles, squirrels, and P.californicus, a positive test was defined as an LAT titer !32.MATERIALS AND METHODSRodent trappingTrapping was conducted at 18 different locations in the Morro Bayarea between July 2004 and February 2006. Study sites were selectedto be either "200 m from residential housing or feral cat colonies,where cat densities were expected to be high (n ! 13), or situated onpublic lands !200 m from private residences (n ! 5). Sites were clas-sified as being adjacent to Morro Bay (n ! 3), adjacent to riparianhabitats (n ! 6), or neither (n ! 9). Trapping occurred twice in eachwet (December–May) and dry (June–November) season. Each site wastrapped for a minimum of 2 nights. In the first trapping session of 2004(July–August), only mice were sampled; other species were released.Subsequently, sampled species were expanded to include rats and voles.Trapping of S. beecheyi (California ground squirrels) began in 2005 andwas conducted at 4 sites. At 2 of these sites, ground squirrels were thepredominant species trapped. Ten to 60 traps were set per site, depend-ing on the space available. For nocturnal rodents, kangaroo rat–sizedfolding live traps (HB Sherman, Tallahassee, Florida) were set in atransect layout 5–15 m apart within 2 hr of sunset and baited withhamster/rat feed (Radco, San Jose, California). If temperatures wereexpected to fall below 12 C, traps were bedded and over-baited. Trapswere collected within 3 hr of sunrise. At 4 sites, Tomahawk 48 # 15# 15 cm live traps (Tomahawk Live Trap, Tomahawk, Wisconsin) wereset during daylight hours and monitored for 2–3 hr for the presence ofground squirrels. Rodents were identified to species using a key (Ja-meson and Peeters, 1988). The location of each captured animal wasrecorded on a handheld Garmin GPS locator (Olathe, Kansas). All an-imals were humanely handled in accordance with an animal use pro-tocol approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee atthe University of California (UC) Davis, which is accredited by theAssociation for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory AnimalCare International. In 2004 and 2005, captured rodents were killed usingCO2 asphyxiation and immediately bled by intracardiac puncture. In2006 only, animals trapped on nights 1 and 2 were bled via the retro-orbital sinus, ear-tagged, and released; rodents captured on the thirdnight were killed and bled via intracardiac puncture. After collection,whole blood was allowed to clot and was centrifuged, and serum wasaliquoted into separate vials. Serum was either frozen and transportedto UC Davis on dry ice for testing or refrigerated until transport andshipped in coolers at 4 C. Serum was
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675
J. Parasitol., 94 (3), 2008, hlm.
675-683! American Society of Parasitologists 2008
FAKTOR RISIKO UNTUK Toxoplasma gondii INFEKSI pada hewan pengerat WILD DARI
PUSAT PESISIR CALIFORNIA DAN REVIEW T. gondii PREVALENSI
pada hewan pengerat
Haydee A. Dabritz *, Melissa A. Miller †, Ian A. Gardner ‡, Andrea E. Packham , E. Robert Atwill§, dan Patricia A. Conrad
"Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas California, Vet Med III-A, Ruang 4206, Satu Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616.
e-mail: paconrad@ucdavis.edu
ABSTRAK : Sera dari 523 tikus liar diuji untuk antibodi Toxoplasma gondii baik menggunakan antibodi fluorescent langsung
test (IFAT) (tikus dan mencit, dengan titer 80 dianggap positif!) atau tes aglutinasi lateks (LAT) (tikus, tupai, dan saku
tikus , dengan titer! 32 dianggap positif). Tujuh belas persen (88/523) dari hewan pengerat, termasuk 26% (85/328) dari Peromyscus
sp. dan 8% (3/37) dari Spermophilus beecheyi, yang seropositif. Empat belas persen (23/161) dari tikus ditangkap di situs jebakan berikutnya
ke Morro Bay (California) dan 15% (16/109) dari tikus dari lokasi yang berdekatan dengan habitat riparian memiliki antibodi terhadap T. gondii,
dibandingkan dengan 19% (49/253) tikus ditangkap di habitat tidak berhubungan dengan air; perbedaan ini secara statistik tidak signifikan
(P! 0,32). Secara signifikan lebih sedikit tikus ditangkap "200 m dari perumahan dibandingkan dengan lokasi lebih jauh (11%
vs 30%, masing-masing). Faktor yang terkait dengan peningkatan risiko untuk T. gondii seropositif pada hewan pengerat yang lokasi
pengambilan! 200 m dari perumahan dan dewasa usia.
The protozoa parasit T. gondii menginfeksi sebagian spesies
berdarah panas vertebrata, termasuk hewan pengerat. Seperti manusia, RO-
penyok berfungsi sebagai host intermediate untuk T. gondii. Parasit membentuk
tahap kista laten dalam jaringan menengah host, terutama
. pada otot lurik dan Otak host definitif untuk T.
gondii adalah kucing domestik dan liar (Felis catus) dan gota lainnya
bers dari Felidae (Dubey et al, 1970;. Aramini et al, 1999;.
Kenny dkk. , 2002). Kucing juga berfungsi sebagai perantara host. Toxo-
gondii plasma mengalami reproduksi seksual di kucing di-
testine, sehingga produksi jutaan alam itu
penghitungan ookista tahan yang ditumpahkan di kotoran kucing (Dubey et al.,
1970 ). Hewan Pengerat terinfeksi setelah menelan tanah, vegetasi,
atau air yang terkontaminasi dengan ookista T. gondii. Toxoplasma gon-
dii dapat ditularkan secara horizontal antara an- berdarah panas
imals, termasuk manusia, ketika mereka mengkonsumsi mentah atau un-
daging dercooked dari menengah atau definitif host (Tenter et
al., 2000). Penularan vertikal juga terjadi dan dari tertentu
perhatian manusia, karena infeksi pada rahim dapat menyebabkan aborsi
tion atau cacat bawaan pada janin (Jones et al., 2003). Kedua
cara penularan tampaknya penting untuk menjamin
kelangsungan hidup T. gondii di alam.
Tikus Kecil memainkan peran penting dalam siklus hidup T.
gondii, karena mereka diyakini merupakan sumber utama
infeksi untuk kucing domestik dan liar . Studi kucing predasi
terhadap satwa liar menunjukkan bahwa tikus terdiri dari sekitar dua-pertiga dari
mangsa yang dikonsumsi, meskipun ini dapat bervariasi menurut musim,
tikus kelimpahan, dan ketersediaan mangsa lainnya (McMurry
dan Sperry, 1941; Hubbs, 1951; Eberhard 1954 ; Molsher et al,.
1999). Di pulau-pulau di mana kucing tidak hadir, T. gondii di
antara host jarang atau tidak ada (Wallace, 1969; Garcelon
Diterima 1 Juni 2007; revisi 19 September 2007; diterima 24
kadang-tober 2007.
* afiliasi sekarang: California Departemen Kesehatan Masyarakat , Bayi
Botulisme Pengobatan dan Program Pencegahan, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy,
E-361, Richmond, California 94804.
† California Departemen Ikan dan Game, Kelautan Wildlife Veterinary
Perawatan dan Pusat Penelitian, 1451 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, California
95060.
Departemen ‡ Kedokteran dan Epidemiologi, University of California,
Davis, California 95616.
§ Dinas Kependudukan Kesehatan dan Reproduksi, Universitas
California, Davis, California 95616.
"Untuk siapa korespondensi harus ditangani.
et al, 1992;. Dubey, Rollor et al .., 1997) Sebaliknya, AS
peternakan babi di mana kucing yang berlimpah, prevalensi T.
infeksi gondii pada tikus secara bermakna dikaitkan dengan
lebih tinggi berarti kepadatan kucing di tempat (Smith et al, 1992;.
Dubey, Weigel et al., 1995).
Ada kekurangan data pada infeksi T. gondii di kecil
mamalia asli California. Yang paling banyak tikus spe
lembaga-di ekosistem pesisir California selatan dari San Francisco
Bay yang Peromyscus spp., Termasuk P. maniculatus (tikus rusa),
Microtus spp. (tikus), dan Perognathus spp. (tikus saku) (Ja-
meson dan Peeters, 1988). Tidak diketahui spesies mungkin
penting dalam menjaga infeksi T. gondii di dekat shore-
tinggal karnivora liar dan kucing domestik, sehingga berbagai
mamalia kecil termasuk dalam protokol sampling. Dalam ad-
disi untuk merupakan item mangsa penting untuk kucing domestik,
tikus juga cocok untuk studi karena mereka mudah
ditangkap, dan jaringan dipanen pada nekropsi nantinya dapat diuji
untuk kehadiran parasit oleh imunohistokimia atau poli-
reaksi berantai merase (PCR .)
The Morro Bay area California pesisir sentral se
lected untuk studi karena tingginya proporsi selatan laut
Berang-berang (Enhydra lutris Nereis) dengan bukti T. gondii infeksi
tion (Miller et al, 2002;. Conrad et al ., 2005) dari yang berdekatan
pantai. Dalam analisis terbaru dari risiko T. gondii mantan
posure di 562 hidup atau mati berang-berang (Conrad et al., 2005), berang-berang
sampel antara San Simeon dan Morro Bay adalah 5 kali
lebih mungkin terinfeksi dengan T. gondii dari Berang-berang yang hidup
di sepanjang pantai Big Sur yang lebih terpencil dan berbatu. Sebuah epi-
penyelidikan demiologic dari T. gondii prevalensi infeksi di
kucing dimiliki dan liar sedang bersamaan dilakukan di
daerah Morro Bay (Dabritz et al., 2007). Tujuan ini
studi adalah untuk menentukan risiko demografi dan habitat terkait
faktor untuk T. gondii seropositif pada hewan pengerat liar dan untuk mendapatkan
contoh jaringan untuk masa depan T. gondii genotipe. Kami berhipotesis
bahwa akan ada risiko yang lebih besar untuk T. gondii seropositif di
tikus liar ditangkap di dekat perumahan, karena
asosiasi dengan kucing domestik yang dimiliki. Penelitian sebelumnya telah
menunjukkan bahwa T. gondii seropositif di Berang-berang laut selatan itu
terkait dengan aliran air tawar yang tinggi (Miller et al., 2002),
sehingga kami juga hipotesis bahwa tikus ditangkap di dekat badan
air (Morro Bay) atau saluran air akan lebih cenderung
menjadi serologis positif.
676 THE JOURNAL parasitologi, VOL. 94, NO. 3, Juni 2008
TABEL I. Toxoplasma gondii prevalensi oleh spesies hewan pengerat untuk
terjebak di daerah Morro Bay of California.
Spesies No. diuji
No.
seropositif *
(%)
Peromyscus maniculatus 74 25 (34)
Peromyscus boylii 29 9 (31)
Peromyscus californicus 214 50 (23)
Peromyscus truei 11 1 (9)
Spermophilus beecheyi 37 3 (8)
Mus musculus 15 0 (0)
Microtus californicus 25 0 (0)
Neotoma fuscipes 50 0 (0)
Perognathus californicus 14 0 (0)
Reithrodontomys megalotis 44 0 (0)
Rattus rattus 10 0 (0)
Jumlah 523 88 (17)
* Untuk Peromyscus spp., Rattus spp., N. fuscipes, R. megalotis, dan M. musculus,
tes positif didefinisikan sebagai titer IFAT! 80; untuk tikus, tupai, dan P.
californicus, tes positif didefinisikan sebagai titer LAT! 32.
BAHAN DAN METODE
Rodent menjebak
Menjebak dilakukan di 18 lokasi yang berbeda di Morro Bay
daerah antara Juli 2004 dan Februari 2006. Lokasi penelitian yang dipilih
untuk menjadi baik "200 m dari perumahan atau koloni kucing liar,
di mana kepadatan kucing yang diharapkan akan tinggi (n! 13), atau terletak di
lahan publik! 200 m dari rumah pribadi (n! 5). Tempat yang Clas
sified sebagai berdekatan dengan Morro Bay (n! 3), berdekatan dengan riparian
habitat (n! 6), atau tidak (n! 9). Trapping terjadi dua kali di setiap
basah (Desember-Mei) dan kering (Juni-November) musim. Setiap situs yang
terperangkap selama minimal 2 malam Dalam sesi perangkap pertama tahun 2004.
(Juli-Agustus), hanya tikus sampel;. spesies lain yang dirilis
Selanjutnya, spesies sampel yang diperluas untuk mencakup tikus dan tikus.
Menjebak S. beecheyi (California tupai tanah) dimulai pada tahun 2005 dan
dilakukan di 4 lokasi. Pada 2 dari situs tersebut, tupai tanah adalah
spesies dominan terjebak. Sepuluh sampai 60 perangkap yang ditetapkan per situs, depend-
ing pada ruang yang tersedia. Untuk tikus nokturnal, kanguru tikus berukuran
perangkap hidup lipat (HB Sherman, Tallahassee, Florida) yang diatur dalam
tata letak transek 5-15 m terpisah dalam waktu 2 jam dari matahari terbenam dan umpan dengan
umpan hamster / tikus (Radco, San Jose, California) . Jika suhu yang
diperkirakan turun di bawah 12 C, perangkap yang bersetubuh dan over-umpan. Perangkap
dikumpulkan dalam waktu 3 jam dari matahari terbit. Pada 4 situs, Tomahawk 48 # 15
# 15 cm hidup perangkap (Tomahawk Hidup Perangkap, Tomahawk, Wisconsin) yang
ditetapkan pada siang hari dan dipantau selama 2-3 jam untuk kehadiran
tupai tanah. Tikus diidentifikasi untuk spesies menggunakan kunci (Ja-
meson dan Peeters, 1988). Lokasi masing-masing hewan ditangkap itu
direkam pada handheld Garmin GPS locator (Olathe, Kansas). Semua an-
imals yang manusiawi ditangani sesuai dengan penggunaan hewan pro
tocol disetujui oleh Perawatan dan Penggunaan Komite Kelembagaan Hewan di
University of California (UC) Davis, yang diakreditasi oleh
Asosiasi Pengkajian dan Akreditasi Laboratorium Hewan
Perawatan Internasional. Pada tahun 2004 dan 2005, tikus ditangkap tewas menggunakan
CO2 sesak napas dan langsung berdarah oleh tusukan intrakardial. Pada
hanya 2.006, hewan terjebak pada malam 1 dan 2 yang berdarah melalui retro
sinus orbital, telinga-tag, dan dirilis; tikus ditangkap pada ketiga
malam tewas dan berdarah melalui intrakardial tusukan. Setelah pengumpulan,
seluruh darah diizinkan untuk menggumpal dan disentrifugasi, dan serum
aliquoted ke botol yang terpisah. Serum adalah baik beku dan diangkut
ke UC Davis pada es kering untuk pengujian atau didinginkan sampai transportasi dan
dikirim dalam pendingin di 4 C. serum
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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