The policy analysis in most of this book assumes a benign government i terjemahan - The policy analysis in most of this book assumes a benign government i Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The policy analysis in most of this

The policy analysis in most of this book assumes a benign government intent
on maximizing social welfare. Similarly, in this chapter, we have discussed
the assumption that in both direct democracy and representative democracy,
politicians will ultimately strive to represent the will of the people. Starting
in the 1950s, however, a school of thought known as public choice theory
began to question this assumption. Begun by James Buchanan and Gordon
Tullock (the former of whom won the 1986 Nobel Prize), public choice
theorists noted that governments often do not behave in an ideal manner,
so that the traditional assumption of a benevolent government maximizing
social welfare may not be appropriate.28 In this section, we review some of the
important sources of government failure, the inability or unwillingness of
the government to act primarily in the interest of its citizens.
Size-Maximizing Bureaucracy
Some of the earliest critiques of idealist conceptions of government began with
the idea that bureaucracies, organizations of civil servants in charge of carrying
out the services of government (such as the U.S. Department of Education
or a town’s Department of Public Works), might be more interested in their own
preservation and growth than in carrying out their assigned missions efficiently. In
1971, William Niskanen developed the model of the budget-maximizing bureaucrat.
In this model, the bureaucrat runs an agency that has a monopoly on the government
provision of some good or service. For example, a town’s Department of
Public Works might be charged with collecting trash, maintaining the sewers, and
so on. This bureaucracy is part of the larger town government, and the politicians
running the larger government will decide on the bureaucrat’s power and pay.
Niskanen notes that while the private sector rewards its employees for efficient
production, a bureaucrat’s salary is typically unrelated to efficiency. In Niskanen’s
model, a bureaucrat’s compensation (wages, benefits, status, quality of support
staff, and so on) is based on the total measurable output of his bureaucracy.
For example, the compensation of the director of the Department of Public
Works rises as that department fixes more problems in the town. The goal of the
bureaucrat is therefore to maximize the size of the agency he controls and thus
maximize its budget, not to choose the level of service that maximizes efficiency.
Even if the larger town government knows that the bureaucrat is pursuing a
self-interested, inefficient goal, it is hard to enforce efficient production in the
agency because the bureaucrat knows much more than the town government
knows about the true cost of the service he is providing
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The policy analysis in most of this book assumes a benign government intenton maximizing social welfare. Similarly, in this chapter, we have discussedthe assumption that in both direct democracy and representative democracy,politicians will ultimately strive to represent the will of the people. Startingin the 1950s, however, a school of thought known as public choice theorybegan to question this assumption. Begun by James Buchanan and GordonTullock (the former of whom won the 1986 Nobel Prize), public choicetheorists noted that governments often do not behave in an ideal manner,so that the traditional assumption of a benevolent government maximizingsocial welfare may not be appropriate.28 In this section, we review some of theimportant sources of government failure, the inability or unwillingness ofthe government to act primarily in the interest of its citizens.Size-Maximizing BureaucracySome of the earliest critiques of idealist conceptions of government began withthe idea that bureaucracies, organizations of civil servants in charge of carryingout the services of government (such as the U.S. Department of Educationor a town’s Department of Public Works), might be more interested in their ownpreservation and growth than in carrying out their assigned missions efficiently. In1971, William Niskanen developed the model of the budget-maximizing bureaucrat.In this model, the bureaucrat runs an agency that has a monopoly on the governmentprovision of some good or service. For example, a town’s Department ofPublic Works might be charged with collecting trash, maintaining the sewers, andso on. This bureaucracy is part of the larger town government, and the politiciansrunning the larger government will decide on the bureaucrat’s power and pay.Niskanen notes that while the private sector rewards its employees for efficientproduction, a bureaucrat’s salary is typically unrelated to efficiency. In Niskanen’smodel, a bureaucrat’s compensation (wages, benefits, status, quality of supportstaff, and so on) is based on the total measurable output of his bureaucracy.For example, the compensation of the director of the Department of PublicWorks rises as that department fixes more problems in the town. The goal of thebureaucrat is therefore to maximize the size of the agency he controls and thusmaximize its budget, not to choose the level of service that maximizes efficiency.Even if the larger town government knows that the bureaucrat is pursuing aself-interested, inefficient goal, it is hard to enforce efficient production in theagency because the bureaucrat knows much more than the town governmentknows about the true cost of the service he is providing
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Analisis kebijakan di sebagian besar buku ini mengasumsikan niat pemerintah jinak
memaksimalkan kesejahteraan sosial. Demikian pula, dalam bab ini, kita telah membahas
asumsi bahwa dalam kedua demokrasi langsung dan demokrasi perwakilan,
politisi akhirnya akan berusaha untuk mewakili kehendak rakyat. Mulai
tahun 1950-an, bagaimanapun, sebuah sekolah pemikiran yang dikenal sebagai teori pilihan publik
mulai mempertanyakan asumsi ini. Dimulai oleh James Buchanan dan Gordon
Tullock (mantan antaranya memenangkan hadiah Nobel 1986), pilihan publik
teori mencatat bahwa pemerintah sering tidak berperilaku dalam cara yang ideal,
sehingga asumsi tradisional dari pemerintahan yang bijak memaksimalkan
kesejahteraan sosial mungkin tidak sesuai 0,28 pada bagian ini, kita meninjau beberapa
sumber penting dari kegagalan pemerintah, ketidakmampuan atau keengganan
pemerintah untuk bertindak terutama untuk kepentingan warganya.
Ukuran-Memaksimalkan Birokrasi
beberapa kritik awal konsepsi idealis pemerintah dimulai dengan
gagasan bahwa birokrasi, organisasi PNS yang bertugas membawa
keluar layanan pemerintah (seperti Departemen Pendidikan Amerika Serikat
atau kota Dinas Pekerjaan Umum), mungkin akan lebih tertarik pada mereka sendiri
pelestarian dan pertumbuhan dari dalam melaksanakan mereka misi yang ditugaskan secara efisien. Pada
tahun 1971, William Niskanen mengembangkan model birokrat anggaran memaksimalkan.
Dalam model ini, birokrat menjalankan sebuah lembaga yang memiliki monopoli pada pemerintah
penyediaan beberapa barang atau jasa. Misalnya, sebuah kota Departemen
Pekerjaan Umum mungkin dikenakan biaya dengan mengumpulkan sampah, menjaga selokan, dan
sebagainya. Birokrasi ini merupakan bagian dari pemerintah kota yang lebih besar, dan politisi
yang menjalankan pemerintah yang lebih besar akan memutuskan kekuasaan birokrat dan membayar.
Niskanen mencatat bahwa sementara sektor swasta imbalan karyawan untuk efisien
produksi, gaji birokrat biasanya tidak terkait dengan efisiensi. Dalam Niskanen ini
Model, kompensasi birokrat (upah, tunjangan, status, kualitas dukungan
staf, dan sebagainya) didasarkan pada total output terukur birokrasi nya.
Misalnya, kompensasi direktur Departemen Public
Works naik sebagai departemen yang perbaikan lebih banyak masalah di kota. Tujuan dari
karena birokrat adalah untuk memaksimalkan ukuran badan dia mengontrol dan dengan demikian
memaksimalkan anggaran, untuk tidak memilih tingkat layanan yang memaksimalkan efisiensi.
Bahkan jika pemerintah kota yang lebih besar tahu bahwa birokrat sedang mengejar
kepentingan sendiri, Tujuannya tidak efisien, sulit untuk menegakkan produksi yang efisien di
lembaga karena birokrat lebih tahu dari pemerintah kota
tahu tentang biaya sebenarnya dari layanan dia menyediakan
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