MOTIVATED COGNITION— THE HUMAN MOTIVATED INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM terjemahan - MOTIVATED COGNITION— THE HUMAN MOTIVATED INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

MOTIVATED COGNITION— THE HUMAN MOTI

MOTIVATED COGNITION— THE HUMAN MOTIVATED INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEM
The basic model of the motivational systems and information processing system used here comes out of theoretical work in psychology, psychophysiology, and cognitive science. Information processing is defined as the simultaneous, continuous, over time operation of at least (but not necessarily only) three basic subprocesses— encoding, storage, and retrieval. Information is thoroughly processed when it has been encoded, has been stored, and can be retrieved. Each of these subprocesses requires cognitive resources to operate. The amount of information that can be thoroughly processed is constrained by the system’s finite capacity (Lang, 2000).
Encoding is conceptualized as the continuous, nonveridical, idiosyncratic process of selecting information from the environment and creating a mental representation of that information. This process is continuous because humans are constantly scanning and encoding information. It is nonveridical because mental representations are not exact representations of the stimulus. Rather, they are a mental approximation of what actually existed. It is idiosyncratic because both the mental representations and the selection of which information to encode are dependent not only on characteristics of the environment and the stimulus, but also on the previous experiences of the perceiver. Thus, no two individuals, because of their differing life experiences, perceiving the same mediated message will create exactly the same mental representation of the message. However, because encoding is also driven, to some extent, by characteristics of the stimuli, some stimuli will be encoded by most people whereas others will be encoded by only a few.
Storage is the process of creating a long-term representation of the encoded information. LC4MP uses a basic spreading activation associative network model of memory. As new information is encoded, links or associations are formed between the new information and previously held information. Generally, links are assumed to be formed between pieces of information that are simultaneously active. Thus, all incoming information is initially linked together, along with previously known information that has been activated in order to understand the incoming stimulus.
Retrieval is the process by which previously stored information is activated. Information can be retrieved in response to questions following message processing, but it is also a dynamic process occurring during message processing. People are constantly retrieving old information in order to understand, contextualize, think about, and respond to incoming information.
It is worth stressing that the relationship among encoding, storage, and retrieval is not thought to be strictly linear. Certainly, an incoming piece of information must be encoded before it can be stored; however, all incoming information is not new. Thus an incoming piece of information may be encoded at the same time that it is being retrieved from long-term storage. Similarly, only a subset of encoded information is ever stored at all and the degree to which any given piece of information is stored varies. As people interact with an incoming message, they are encoding new information, retrieving old information, and linking old and new information. All of these subprocesses are occurring at the same time.
The thoroughness with which each of these subprocesses is carried out depends on the level of resources required to carry out the subprocess and the level of resources allocated to carrying out the subprocess. LC4MP posits that resources are allocated through automatic and through controlled processing mechanisms independently to the subprocesses of encoding, storage, and retrieval. Controlled resource allocation is defined as the allocation of resources that are under the control of the media user. Users intentionally allocate resources when they try to pay attention, remember, relax, or engage with media in the pursuit of some goal.
Automatic allocation mechanisms are not under the control of the media user. Resources are allocated automatically either as a result of stimulus properties or in unconscious support of the conscious goals of the user. One of the mechanisms through which resources are allocated automatically is the orienting response (Lang, 1990). The orienting response is elicited by two classes of stimuli, those that are new to the environment and those that a person has learned signal relevant or important information. The existence of the orienting response allows humans to automatically, without conscious effort or thought, scan the environment for new or relevant information.
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MOTIVATED COGNITION— THE HUMAN MOTIVATED INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMThe basic model of the motivational systems and information processing system used here comes out of theoretical work in psychology, psychophysiology, and cognitive science. Information processing is defined as the simultaneous, continuous, over time operation of at least (but not necessarily only) three basic subprocesses— encoding, storage, and retrieval. Information is thoroughly processed when it has been encoded, has been stored, and can be retrieved. Each of these subprocesses requires cognitive resources to operate. The amount of information that can be thoroughly processed is constrained by the system’s finite capacity (Lang, 2000).Encoding is conceptualized as the continuous, nonveridical, idiosyncratic process of selecting information from the environment and creating a mental representation of that information. This process is continuous because humans are constantly scanning and encoding information. It is nonveridical because mental representations are not exact representations of the stimulus. Rather, they are a mental approximation of what actually existed. It is idiosyncratic because both the mental representations and the selection of which information to encode are dependent not only on characteristics of the environment and the stimulus, but also on the previous experiences of the perceiver. Thus, no two individuals, because of their differing life experiences, perceiving the same mediated message will create exactly the same mental representation of the message. However, because encoding is also driven, to some extent, by characteristics of the stimuli, some stimuli will be encoded by most people whereas others will be encoded by only a few.Storage is the process of creating a long-term representation of the encoded information. LC4MP uses a basic spreading activation associative network model of memory. As new information is encoded, links or associations are formed between the new information and previously held information. Generally, links are assumed to be formed between pieces of information that are simultaneously active. Thus, all incoming information is initially linked together, along with previously known information that has been activated in order to understand the incoming stimulus.
Retrieval is the process by which previously stored information is activated. Information can be retrieved in response to questions following message processing, but it is also a dynamic process occurring during message processing. People are constantly retrieving old information in order to understand, contextualize, think about, and respond to incoming information.
It is worth stressing that the relationship among encoding, storage, and retrieval is not thought to be strictly linear. Certainly, an incoming piece of information must be encoded before it can be stored; however, all incoming information is not new. Thus an incoming piece of information may be encoded at the same time that it is being retrieved from long-term storage. Similarly, only a subset of encoded information is ever stored at all and the degree to which any given piece of information is stored varies. As people interact with an incoming message, they are encoding new information, retrieving old information, and linking old and new information. All of these subprocesses are occurring at the same time.
The thoroughness with which each of these subprocesses is carried out depends on the level of resources required to carry out the subprocess and the level of resources allocated to carrying out the subprocess. LC4MP posits that resources are allocated through automatic and through controlled processing mechanisms independently to the subprocesses of encoding, storage, and retrieval. Controlled resource allocation is defined as the allocation of resources that are under the control of the media user. Users intentionally allocate resources when they try to pay attention, remember, relax, or engage with media in the pursuit of some goal.
Automatic allocation mechanisms are not under the control of the media user. Resources are allocated automatically either as a result of stimulus properties or in unconscious support of the conscious goals of the user. One of the mechanisms through which resources are allocated automatically is the orienting response (Lang, 1990). The orienting response is elicited by two classes of stimuli, those that are new to the environment and those that a person has learned signal relevant or important information. The existence of the orienting response allows humans to automatically, without conscious effort or thought, scan the environment for new or relevant information.
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TERMOTIVASI COGNITION- MANUSIA INFORMASI TERMOTIVASI PENGOLAHAN SISTEM
Model dasar dari sistem motivasi dan sistem pengolahan informasi yang digunakan di sini berasal dari kerja teoritis dalam psikologi, psikofisiologi, dan ilmu kognitif. Pengolahan informasi didefinisikan sebagai simultan, terus-menerus, dari waktu ke waktu operasi minimal (tetapi belum tentu saja) tiga encoding subprocesses- dasar, penyimpanan, dan pengambilan. Informasi secara menyeluruh diproses ketika telah dikodekan, telah disimpan, dan dapat diambil. Masing-masing subproses ini membutuhkan sumber daya kognitif untuk beroperasi. Jumlah informasi yang dapat benar-benar diproses dibatasi oleh kapasitas terbatas sistem (Lang, 2000).
Encoding dikonseptualisasikan sebagai kontinyu, nonveridical, proses istimewa memilih informasi dari lingkungan dan menciptakan representasi mental informasi tersebut. Proses ini terus menerus karena manusia terus-menerus memindai dan pengkodean informasi. Hal ini nonveridical karena representasi mental tidak tepat representasi dari stimulus. Sebaliknya, mereka adalah pendekatan mental yang benar-benar ada. Hal ini istimewa karena kedua representasi mental dan pemilihan informasi untuk encode tergantung tidak hanya pada karakteristik lingkungan dan stimulus, tetapi juga pada pengalaman-pengalaman sebelumnya perasa. Dengan demikian, tidak ada dua individu, karena perbedaan pengalaman hidup mereka, memahami pesan yang dimediasi sama akan menciptakan persis representasi mental yang sama pesan. Namun, karena encoding juga didorong, sampai batas tertentu, dengan karakteristik stimuli, beberapa rangsangan akan dikodekan oleh kebanyakan orang sedangkan yang lain akan dikodekan oleh hanya beberapa.
Storage adalah proses menciptakan representasi jangka panjang dikodekan Informasi. LC4MP menggunakan menyebarkan model jaringan aktivasi asosiatif dasar memori. Sebagai informasi baru dikodekan, link atau asosiasi yang terbentuk antara informasi baru dan informasi yang dimiliki sebelumnya. Umumnya, link diasumsikan terbentuk antara potongan informasi yang aktif bersamaan. Dengan demikian, semua informasi yang masuk awalnya dihubungkan bersama-sama, bersama dengan informasi yang diketahui sebelumnya yang telah diaktifkan untuk memahami stimulus yang masuk.
Retrieval adalah proses dimana informasi yang sebelumnya disimpan diaktifkan. Informasi dapat diambil dalam menanggapi pertanyaan-pertanyaan berikut pengolahan pesan, tetapi juga merupakan proses dinamis yang terjadi selama pemrosesan pesan. Orang-orang terus-menerus mengambil informasi lama untuk memahami, mengontekstualisasikan, pikirkan, dan menanggapi informasi yang masuk.
Perlu menekankan bahwa hubungan antara pengkodean, penyimpanan, dan pengambilan tidak dianggap ketat linear. Tentu saja, sepotong informasi yang masuk harus dikodekan sebelum dapat disimpan; Namun, semua informasi yang masuk bukanlah hal baru. Jadi sepotong informasi yang masuk dapat dikodekan pada saat yang sama bahwa ia sedang diambil dari penyimpanan jangka panjang. Demikian pula, hanya sebagian dari informasi yang dikodekan pernah disimpan sama sekali dan sejauh mana setiap bagian tertentu dari informasi yang disimpan bervariasi. Sebagai orang berinteraksi dengan pesan masuk, mereka pengkodean informasi baru, mengambil informasi lama, dan menghubungkan informasi lama dan baru. Semua subproses ini terjadi pada waktu yang sama.
The ketelitian yang masing-masing subproses ini dilakukan tergantung pada tingkat sumber daya yang dibutuhkan untuk melaksanakan subproses dan tingkat sumber daya yang dialokasikan untuk melaksanakan subproses tersebut. LC4MP berpendapat bahwa sumber daya yang dialokasikan melalui otomatis dan melalui mekanisme pengolahan dikontrol secara independen dengan subproses pengkodean, penyimpanan, dan pengambilan. Alokasi sumber daya yang dikendalikan didefinisikan sebagai alokasi sumber daya yang berada di bawah kendali pengguna media yang. Pengguna sengaja mengalokasikan sumber daya ketika mereka mencoba untuk memperhatikan, ingat, bersantai, atau terlibat dengan media dalam mengejar suatu tujuan.
Mekanisme alokasi otomatis tidak berada di bawah kendali pengguna media yang. Sumber daya yang dialokasikan secara otomatis baik sebagai akibat dari sifat stimulus atau mendukung sadar tujuan sadar pengguna. Salah satu mekanisme di mana sumber daya yang dialokasikan secara otomatis adalah respon berorientasi (Lang, 1990). Respon berorientasi yang ditimbulkan oleh dua kelas rangsangan, mereka yang baru terhadap lingkungan dan orang-orang bahwa seseorang telah belajar sinyal informasi yang relevan atau penting. Adanya respon berorientasi memungkinkan manusia untuk secara otomatis, tanpa usaha atau pikiran sadar, memindai lingkungan untuk informasi baru atau relevan.
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