For example, despite comparable env

For example, despite comparable environmental conditions, mangrove species richness is dramatically higher in the Indo‒West Pacific (IWP; ~65 species of 23 genera) compared to the Atlantic East Pacific (AEP; ~15 species of 8 genera) [2]. A number of hypotheses have been proposed during the last century to explain these distributional differences [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14], but the view of each author is best considered dated – with comparisons made under essential caveats. For instance, the hypothesis for long-distance dispersal and its ‘centre of origin’ concept [9, 10] was proposed before the theory of continental drift was generally accepted, when molecular genetics was at its infancy, and, when there were few fossil records. Thus, while the old ‘dispersal’ view might regard mangrove taxa originated in the IWP and subsequently dispersed to other parts of the world, a modern ‘vicariance’ view is that mangroves evolved around the Tethys Sea during the Late Cretaceous [6, 15]. Phylogeographic analysis of one of the most widespread mangrove genera, Rhizophora, integrating genetic relationships, fossil records and geological/tectonic processes, will help to elucidate the role of vicariance and long-distance dispersal in the historical development of contemporary biogeographic patterns of mangroves, and to provide objective evaluation of these different but not mutually exclusive views. Rhizophora is a dominant genus of the most widespread mangrove family, the Rhizophoraceae. The genus is relatively old amongst cosmopolitan mangrove genera, and it has notable disjunct species distributions in both the AEP and IWP. Fossils of Rhizophora are recorded from the Palaeocene (55.8-65.5 Ma) onwards in major global regions [5]. All Rhizophora taxa are characterized by large water-buoyant propagules with a remarkable ability for long-distance dispersal.
Our comprehensive biogeographic study of the most representative mangrove genus Rhizophora sheds light on the patterns of regional associations of the genus and timing of lineage divergence, allowing the inference of a global history of its evolutionary diversifications. This study presents new evidence of phylogeographic patterns of Rhizophora across its global range. We postulate the hypothesis that combines both historical vicariance and oceanic longdistance dispersal to account for mangroves’ modern geographical distributions, the observed major disjunctions and key phylogenetic affinities. Based on our findings, including a deeply divergent monophyletic AEP clade, it is most likely that the primal ancestors of Rhizophora originated in the shore of the ancient Tethys Sea during the Cretaceous. Their subsequent dispersal along the Tethys Seaway was followed by notable instances of vicariance that divided the global regions before further independent diversifications in the IWP and AEP. Within each region, especially in the IWP, there were independent long histories of tectonic movements and multiple, relatively more recent, long-distance dispersals. It must be noted though that the present conclusions, which partly rely on our current knowledge of early fossil distributions along the Tethys Sea and in the inferred ancestral areas, are tentative and may subject to modification if there are new discoveries of abundant fossil deposits from other potential areas of origin, as well as more complete sample coverage in population localities and genomic markers.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Misalnya, meskipun kondisi lingkungan yang sebanding, jenis mangrove kekayaan secara dramatis lebih tinggi di Pasifik Indo-Barat (IWP; ~ 65 spesies dari 23 genera) dibandingkan Atlantik Pasifik Timur (AEP; ~ 15 spesies dari 8 genera) [2]. Sejumlah hipotesis telah diajukan selama abad terakhir untuk menjelaskan perbedaan-perbedaan distribusi [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14], tapi lihat dari setiap penulis paling dianggap tanggal - dengan perbandingan yang dibuat di bawah peringatan penting. Misalnya, hipotesis untuk penyebaran jarak jauh dan 'pusat asal' nya konsep [9, 10] diusulkan sebelum teori pergeseran benua itu berlaku umum, ketika genetika molekuler berada di masa pertumbuhan, dan, ketika ada beberapa fosil catatan. Jadi, sementara yang lama 'penyebaran' lihat mungkin menganggap taksa bakau berasal IWP dan kemudian tersebar ke bagian lain dari dunia, modern 'vikariansi' lihat adalah bahwa mangrove berkembang di sekitar Laut Tethys selama Late Cretaceous [6, 15] . Analisis Phylogeographic dari salah satu genera bakau paling luas, Rhizophora, mengintegrasikan hubungan genetik, catatan fosil dan geologi / proses tektonik, akan membantu untuk menjelaskan peran vikariansi dan jarak jauh penyebaran dalam sejarah perkembangan pola biogeografi kontemporer mangrove, dan untuk memberikan evaluasi obyektif dari pandangan-pandangan yang berbeda tetapi tidak saling eksklusif. Rhizophora adalah genus dominan dari keluarga bakau paling luas, yang Rhizophoraceae. Genus ini relatif lama antara genera bakau kosmopolitan, dan memiliki terkenal distribusi spesies terpisah di kedua AEP dan IWP. Fosil Rhizophora dicatat dari Palaeocene (55,8-65,5 Ma) dan seterusnya di wilayah global utama [5]. Semua Rhizophora taksa ditandai dengan propagul air-apung besar dengan kemampuan luar biasa untuk penyebaran jarak jauh.
Studi biogeografi komprehensif kami dari genus bakau paling representatif Rhizophora menyoroti pola asosiasi regional dari genus dan waktu keturunan divergence, yang memungkinkan kesimpulan dari sejarah global diversifikasi evolusioner. Penelitian ini menyajikan bukti baru dari pola phylogeographic Rhizophora di kisaran global. Kami mendalilkan hipotesis yang menggabungkan kedua vikariansi sejarah dan kelautan jarak jauh penyebaran untuk memperhitungkan distribusi mangrove 'yang modern geografis, disjunctions utama yang diamati dan afinitas filogenetik kunci. Berdasarkan temuan kami, termasuk monofiletik AEP clade sangat berbeda, kemungkinan besar bahwa nenek moyang primal dari Rhizophora berasal dari pantai Laut Tethys kuno selama Kapur. Bubaran berikutnya mereka sepanjang Tethys Seaway diikuti oleh contoh penting dari vikariansi yang membagi wilayah global sebelum diversifikasi independen lebih lanjut dalam IWP dan AEP. Dalam setiap wilayah, terutama di IWP, ada sejarah panjang independen dari gerakan tektonik dan beberapa, relatif lebih baru, dispersal jarak jauh. Harus dicatat bahwa meskipun kesimpulan ini, yang sebagian bergantung pada pengetahuan kita saat ini distribusi fosil awal di sepanjang Laut Tethys dan di daerah leluhur disimpulkan, tentatif dan dapat dikenai modifikasi jika ada penemuan baru dari endapan fosil melimpah dari lainnya potensi daerah asal, serta cakupan sampel lebih lengkap di daerah penduduk dan spidol genom.