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The science and practice of prevention have advanced greatly in thiscentury, and the technology for diagnosis and treatment of diseases has becomehighly sophisticated. Likewise, the technology for processing and managinginformation has greatly altered the way public health conducts business.In 1980, few public health professionals operated personal computers attheir desks. Today, such computers, with greatly enhanced capabilities andwith appropriate software, are not only common, but they are one of theessential tools of public health practice (Friede and O'Carroll 1996). Publichealth must now maximize the efficiency of existing information systemswhile finding new, more innovative ways of conducting public health surveillance.CASE STUDIESSurveillance for Eosinophilia-Myalgia SyndromeBackgroundIn 1989, a state health department and the CDC were notified about a few cases ofpatients with severe myalgia and peripheral eosinophilia. Upon investigation, it wasfound that all three had taken an amino acid preparation of L-tryptophan (CDC 1989).Because this preparation was distributed nationally, the CDC, in collaboration withstate and territorial health departments, established a national, state-based surveillancesystem for eosinophilia and severe myalgia within 1 week of the reported outbreak(Swygert et al. 1990).An early step was the identification of a case definition using descriptive epidemiologyfrom the early reports. Initially, laboratory data were required to rule out
trichinosis; however, this part of the definition was dropped after data for 1 week
showed that the laboratory testing was not always clinically indicated (CDC 1990c).
Probable cases were reported on a voluntary basis by physicians in all 50 states, the
District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. Standardized collection forms were used to
collect demographic, clinical, and laboratory information, and aggregate numbers
were telephoned weekly to the CDC. Case report forms were then mailed. State and
territorial health departments conducted follow-up investigations of all deaths of patients
confirmed as having eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS). Disease latency was
calculated using the period from the date of first tryptophan use to date of onset of
illness. Frequencies of multiple- versus single-brand use and of reported brand names
were also used to assess association with specific products.
Key Questions
1. How does a public health surveillance system lead to accurate detection and
control of an emerging health condition such as EMS?
For a public health surveillance system to lead to detection and control, it is
essential that the steps outlined earlier in this chapter for establishing a surveillance
system be followed closely.
2. What are the epidemiologic characteristics of EMS in the United States?
During the acute phase of the epidemic, more than 1,500 cases of EMS were
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