42What Is Ethics?Don’t steal. Be fair. Respect others. Treat others as terjemahan - 42What Is Ethics?Don’t steal. Be fair. Respect others. Treat others as Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

42What Is Ethics?Don’t steal. Be fa

42
What Is Ethics?
Don’t steal. Be fair. Respect others. Treat others as you would be treated
yourself. Follow your conscience. Keep your promises or your word. Thus, if
someone falsifies an expense account, we agree that what the person did was
wrong because it constitutes lying or stealing. Likewise, we agree that what the
father in the example above did, in not loaning the car to his child because
the father didn’t feel like it, was wrong because he didn’t keep his promise.
There are two kinds of reasons to justify our moral beliefs: reasons that vali-
date doing something and those that validate not doing something. It is much
harder to take a positive course of action than to prohibit a course of action,
because taking a positive action opens up an indefinite number of options. It
is much clearer to prohibit an action, for if we know that an action will harm
another, we need only to avoid it. Often, therefore, we are clear about what
we should not do (negative injunctions) but not clear about what we should
do (affirmative duties).
What are some of the good reasons for doing something? A very good
reason for doing anything is that the action is good for you, that it is in your
interest or benefits you. Another good reason is that the action is good for
or benefits society. Other good reasons are that the action is just or fair, or
because it is something you promised to do – as long as what you promised
to do will not bring harm to someone. There are also reasons for not doing
something, and they are the more common rules of morality. We should not
do something because doing so would harm people or use people – we should
not cheat, lie, or steal. We should not do something that harms others or
ourselves – we should not be unjust or unfair; we should not break promises.
Let’s see how those reasons work when we apply them to the belief we
discussed earlier: “ People should do their jobs.” Why should people do their
jobs? In the first place, doing the job usually benefits the person, by giving
him or her a salary and meaningful work. Thus, doing the job is good for
that individual. In the second place, because the division of labor provides
the most efficient way for society to operate, a job is a necessary cog in the
wheel of progress, and doing it will benefit society. Finally, in taking a job,
the individual makes at least an implicit promise to do it; promises should
be kept.
VII Questions to Ask to Justify An Action: The Basis
of Ethical Theory
Thus we see that the way to justify an action is to examine the reasons for and
against it. One way to examine those reasons is to ask several basic questions.
We will now consider these questions.
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42What Is Ethics?Don’t steal. Be fair. Respect others. Treat others as you would be treatedyourself. Follow your conscience. Keep your promises or your word. Thus, ifsomeone falsifies an expense account, we agree that what the person did waswrong because it constitutes lying or stealing. Likewise, we agree that what thefather in the example above did, in not loaning the car to his child becausethe father didn’t feel like it, was wrong because he didn’t keep his promise.There are two kinds of reasons to justify our moral beliefs: reasons that vali-date doing something and those that validate not doing something. It is muchharder to take a positive course of action than to prohibit a course of action,because taking a positive action opens up an indefinite number of options. Itis much clearer to prohibit an action, for if we know that an action will harmanother, we need only to avoid it. Often, therefore, we are clear about whatwe should not do (negative injunctions) but not clear about what we shoulddo (affirmative duties).What are some of the good reasons for doing something? A very goodreason for doing anything is that the action is good for you, that it is in yourinterest or benefits you. Another good reason is that the action is good foror benefits society. Other good reasons are that the action is just or fair, orbecause it is something you promised to do – as long as what you promisedto do will not bring harm to someone. There are also reasons for not doing
something, and they are the more common rules of morality. We should not
do something because doing so would harm people or use people – we should
not cheat, lie, or steal. We should not do something that harms others or
ourselves – we should not be unjust or unfair; we should not break promises.
Let’s see how those reasons work when we apply them to the belief we
discussed earlier: “ People should do their jobs.” Why should people do their
jobs? In the first place, doing the job usually benefits the person, by giving
him or her a salary and meaningful work. Thus, doing the job is good for
that individual. In the second place, because the division of labor provides
the most efficient way for society to operate, a job is a necessary cog in the
wheel of progress, and doing it will benefit society. Finally, in taking a job,
the individual makes at least an implicit promise to do it; promises should
be kept.
VII Questions to Ask to Justify An Action: The Basis
of Ethical Theory
Thus we see that the way to justify an action is to examine the reasons for and
against it. One way to examine those reasons is to ask several basic questions.
We will now consider these questions.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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42
Apakah Etika?
Jangan mencuri. Adil. Menghormati orang lain. Perlakukan orang lain seperti Anda ingin diperlakukan
sendiri. Ikuti hati nurani Anda. Menepati janji atau kata-kata Anda. Jadi, jika
seseorang falsi fi es rekening pengeluaran, kita sepakat bahwa apa yang orang lakukan adalah
salah karena merupakan berbohong atau mencuri. Demikian juga, kita setuju bahwa apa yang
ayah dalam contoh di atas lakukan, di tidak meminjamkan mobil untuk anaknya karena
ayah tidak merasa seperti itu, itu salah karena ia tidak menepati janjinya.
Ada dua macam alasan untuk membenarkan keyakinan moral kita: alasan yang vali-
tanggal melakukan sesuatu dan mereka yang memvalidasi tidak melakukan sesuatu. Hal ini jauh
lebih sulit untuk mengambil kursus positif tindakan dari untuk melarang suatu tindakan,
karena mengambil tindakan positif membuka nomor fi nite inde pilihan. Ini
jauh lebih jelas untuk melarang tindakan, karena jika kita tahu bahwa suatu tindakan akan merugikan
lain, kita hanya perlu untuk menghindari itu. Seringkali, oleh karena itu, kita jelas tentang apa yang
seharusnya tidak kita lakukan (perintah negatif) tetapi tidak jelas tentang apa yang harus kita
lakukan (af fi tugas rmative).
Apa adalah beberapa alasan bagus untuk melakukan sesuatu? Sebuah sangat baik
alasan untuk melakukan sesuatu adalah bahwa tindakan yang baik untuk Anda, bahwa dalam Anda
bunga atau manfaat ts Anda. Alasan lain adalah bahwa tindakan yang baik untuk
atau masyarakat manfaat ts. Alasan lain adalah bahwa tindakan ini hanya atau adil, atau
karena itu adalah sesuatu yang Anda berjanji untuk melakukan - selama apa yang Anda janjikan
untuk tidak akan membahayakan seseorang. Ada juga alasan untuk tidak melakukan
sesuatu, dan mereka adalah aturan yang lebih umum moralitas. Kita tidak harus
melakukan sesuatu karena hal itu akan merugikan orang atau menggunakan orang - kita harus
tidak menipu, berbohong, atau mencuri. Kita tidak harus melakukan sesuatu yang merugikan orang lain atau
diri kita sendiri - kita tidak boleh tidak adil atau tidak adil; kita tidak harus istirahat janji.
Mari kita lihat bagaimana mereka bekerja alasan ketika kita menerapkannya pada keyakinan kita
bahas sebelumnya: ". Orang-orang harus melakukan pekerjaan mereka" Mengapa orang harus melakukan mereka
pekerjaan? Di tempat pertama, melakukan pekerjaan biasanya fi bene ts orang, dengan memberikan
dia gaji dan pekerjaan yang berarti. Jadi, melakukan pekerjaan yang baik untuk
individu tersebut. Di tempat kedua, karena pembagian kerja menyediakan
cara fi sien paling ef bagi masyarakat untuk beroperasi, pekerjaan adalah gigi diperlukan dalam
roda kemajuan, dan melakukannya akan diuntungkan masyarakat. Akhirnya, dalam mengambil pekerjaan,
individu membuat setidaknya janji implisit untuk melakukannya; janji harus
dijaga.
VII Pertanyaan untuk Tanya ke Justify An Action: Dasar
Teori Etis
Jadi kita melihat bahwa cara untuk membenarkan tindakan adalah untuk memeriksa alasan dan
menentangnya. Salah satu cara untuk memeriksa alasan tersebut adalah dengan mengajukan beberapa pertanyaan dasar.
Kami sekarang akan mempertimbangkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini.
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