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ESL STUDENTS COMMUNICATION APPREHEN

ESL STUDENTS COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION AND THEIR CHOICE
OF COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES
Wan Zumusni Wan Mustapha
Noriah Ismail
Deepak Singh Ratan Singh
Suhaidi Elias @Alias
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Abstract
In order to examine the English communication apprehension (CA) of ESL students at the tertiary level, this study surveyed and analysed 50 students in their final year of the Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA) programme at UiTM Johor. The study looked at the types of English language activities preferred by the students, as well as those they perceived as helpful. The results indicate that the students have a comparatively high level of communication apprehension. The study also reveals that the students prefer group discussion as a way of reducing their communicative anxiety.
Keywords: communication apprehension, ESL students, communicative activities
INTRODUCTION
Anxiety has been regarded as one of the most important affective factors influencing second language acquisition. Horwitz (1986) and Young (1991) discovered the relationship between anxiety and achievement in the learning of foreign languages, while Horwitz (1986) and MacIntyre and Gardner (1994) arrived at the conclusion that anxiety and achievement are correlated. In Malaysia, similar research has been conducted with ESL students, though mostly secondary school students. However, many students at the tertiary level are believed to still have difficulty communicating in English (Zhao Na, 2007). This phenomenon needs careful analysis in order to identify viable measures that will address the problem. This paper will address this issue among students at the tertiary level at a public university. Using an instrument to identify the level of communication apprehension among undergraduate students, the results of this study suggest some communicative activities that can be carried out to reduce students’ communication apprehension.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Despite the fact that the English language is the medium of instruction at the university level, many students (including final year graduates) still struggle to communicate in English for academic purposes. One of the primary reasons is that they lack the confidence and skills needed to successfully speak in English. As a result, they become apprehensive when asked to speak in public. This feeling of apprehension or fear when speaking in English has become a serious matter because it affects their employability and their self-esteem. Many students admit that they are unable to secure their dream jobs after they have graduated. This is likely due to their high levels of apprehension and their lack of confidence when asked to communicate in English during job interviews.
23
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the study are to:
1. Identify the level of communication apprehension (CA) in English among BBA students at UiTM Johor.
2. Identify students’ perceptions of the types of speaking activities they prefer.
Suggest possible communicative activities that can be carried out to reduce students’ CA.
Significance of the Project
Inevitably, most language teachers and instructors agree that many students in Malaysia face problems communicating in English, as it is not their native language. Even at the university level, students feel apprehensive, awkward, shy, and insecure when asked to speak English in the classroom, let alone in public. This even includes those who scored well in writing and managed to obtain good grades in SPM, or the Malaysian national certificate examination for secondary school students. This is because speaking skills are totally different from writing skills. In order to feel confident when speaking English, students need constant motivation and encouragement from many sources, including their parents, teachers, and peers. If they feel inhibited when practicing speaking, they will never be able to improve. Therefore, this study is important as it seeks to:
1. Identify the level of the students’ communication apprehension in English.
2. Help the students overcome their communication apprehension.
Hence, this study will help ESL lecturers to uncover the real level of CA among tertiary students, particularly at UiTM Johor. Only by knowing the actual level of CA can the lecturers find viable measures that will help to reduce problems pertaining to CA. In addition, we sought to determine whether they were prepared to face the challenges of communicating with confidence after graduation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
According to McCroskey (1984), many students -- even at higher levels of study -- experience some level of fear and anxiety when asked to communicate, especially in public. This feeling of discomfort when communicating is called communication apprehension. Communication apprehension has been linked to both cognitive processes (Ayres, 1990) and psychological perceptions (Ayres, 1986). Furthermore, CA occurs in a variety of settings and often results in negative outcomes for both speakers and listeners. Consequently, communication apprehension must be addressed by language teachers, especially those teaching second or foreign languages. This is because students who already have some level of CA in their native language will face more anxiety when communicating in a foreign or second language, such as English (Schlenker & Leary, 1982).
ESL teachers at the tertiary level therefore need to create conducive and authentic learning environments for students to be able to practice speaking in order to reduce their apprehension. An individual who has good cognitive skills and can utilise those skills effectively in communication will face fewer barriers in delivering his or her thoughts and ideas at the workplace.
Many prevailing speech CA studies have been carried out, mainly on oral and written CA. These studies aim to determine the causes, effects, and treatments related to CA. The negative effects associated with communication apprehension have encouraged researchers to pursue
24
appropriate and viable reduction methods to address this issue. Ayres (1990) maintains that students who have difficulty with communication often have problems related to fear or anxiety when delivering a speech. They may also have fear and anxiety associated with anticipating the delivery of a speech.
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ESL SISWA KOMUNIKASI KETAKUTAN DAN PILIHAN MEREKAKEGIATAN KOMUNIKATIFMustapha Wan Wan ZumusniNoriah IsmailDeepak Singh Ratan SinghSuhaidi Elias @AliasUniversitas Teknologi MARA, MalaysiaAbstrakUntuk memeriksa penangkapan komunikasi Inggris (CA) siswa ESL tingkat tersier, studi ini disurvei dan dianalisis 50 siswa pada akhir tahun sarjana dalam administrasi bisnis (BBA) program di UiTM Johor mereka. Studi memandang jenis kegiatan bahasa Inggris yang disukai oleh para siswa, serta orang-orang yang mereka dianggap sebagai bermanfaat. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa siswa memiliki tingkat yang relatif tinggi komunikasi ketakutan. Penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa siswa lebih suka diskusi kelompok sebagai cara untuk mengurangi kecemasan mereka komunikatif.Kata kunci: komunikasi ketakutan, pelajar ESL, komunikatif kegiatanPENDAHULUANKecemasan telah dianggap sebagai salah satu faktor yang paling penting afektif mempengaruhi pemerolehan bahasa kedua. Muda dan Horwitz (1986) (1991) menemukan hubungan antara kecemasan dan pencapaian dalam belajar bahasa asing, sementara Horwitz (1986) dan MacIntyre dan Gardner (1994) tiba pada kesimpulan bahwa kegelisahan dan pencapaian berkorelasi. Di Malaysia, penelitian serupa telah dilakukan dengan ESL siswa, siswa sekolah meskipun sebagian besar sekunder. Namun, banyak siswa di tingkat tersier diyakini masih memiliki kesulitan berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Inggris (Zhao Na, 2007). Fenomena ini membutuhkan analisis cermat untuk mengidentifikasi langkah-langkah yang layak yang akan mengatasi masalah. Makalah ini akan mengatasi masalah ini antara siswa di tingkat perguruan tinggi di Universitas publik. Menggunakan alat untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat pemahaman komunikasi antara mahasiswa sarjana, hasil penelitian ini menyarankan beberapa komunikatif kegiatan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi mahasiswa komunikasi ketakutan.PERNYATAAN MASALAHTerlepas dari kenyataan bahwa bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa utama di tingkat Universitas, banyak siswa (termasuk lulusan tahun terakhir) masih berjuang untuk berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Inggris untuk tujuan akademik. Salah satu alasan utama adalah bahwa mereka tidak memiliki kepercayaan diri dan keterampilan yang diperlukan untuk berhasil berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris. Sebagai akibatnya, mereka menjadi khawatir ketika diminta untuk berbicara di depan umum. Perasaan ini kekhawatiran atau ketakutan ketika berbicara dalam bahasa Inggris telah menjadi masalah yang serius karena ini mempengaruhi kemampuan kerja mereka dan harga diri mereka. Banyak siswa mengakui bahwa mereka tidak mampu untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan impian mereka setelah mereka telah lulus. Hal ini mungkin karena mereka tingkat tinggi ketakutan dan kurangnya kepercayaan diri ketika diminta untuk berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Inggris selama wawancara kerja.23TUJUANTujuan utama studi adalah:1. mengidentifikasi tingkat pemahaman komunikasi (CA) dalam bahasa Inggris antara siswa BBA UiTM Johor.2. mengidentifikasi persepsi siswa jenis dari aktifitas yang mereka suka.Menyarankan mungkin komunikatif kegiatan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi siswa CA.Pentingnya proyekTak pelak lagi, kebanyakan guru bahasa dan instruktur setuju bahwa banyak siswa di Malaysia menghadapi masalah berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Inggris, karena ini bukan bahasa asli mereka. Bahkan di tingkat Universitas, para siswa merasa khawatir, canggung, pemalu dan tidak aman ketika diminta untuk berbicara bahasa Inggris di kelas, apalagi di masyarakat. Ini bahkan termasuk mereka yang mencetak baik dalam menulis dan berhasil mendapatkan nilai bagus dalam SPM, atau sertifikat Nasional Malaysia ujian untuk siswa sekolah menengah. Hal ini karena kemampuan berbicara benar-benar berbeda dari keterampilan menulis. Untuk merasa percaya diri ketika berbicara bahasa Inggris, siswa membutuhkan konstan motivasi dan dorongan dari banyak sumber, termasuk orang tua, guru, dan teman-teman mereka. Jika mereka merasa inhibited ketika berlatih berbicara, mereka tidak pernah akan mampu memperbaiki. Oleh karena itu, studi ini penting karena itu berusaha untuk:1. mengidentifikasi tingkat pemahaman komunikasi siswa dalam bahasa Inggris.2. membantu siswa mengatasi ketakutan komunikasi mereka.Oleh karena itu, studi ini akan membantu ESL dosen untuk mengungkap tingkat nyata CA antara mahasiswa perguruan tinggi, terutama di UiTM Johor. Hanya dengan mengetahui tingkat sebenarnya CA dapat dosen menemukan layak tindakan yang akan membantu untuk mengurangi masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan CA. Selain itu, kami berusaha untuk menentukan apakah mereka siap untuk menghadapi tantangan berkomunikasi dengan keyakinan setelah lulus.KAJIAN PUSTAKAMenurut McCroskey (1984), banyak siswa--bahkan pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari studi--pengalaman beberapa tingkat ketakutan dan kecemasan ketika diminta untuk berkomunikasi, terutama di depan umum. Perasaan ketidaknyamanan ketika berkomunikasi disebut komunikasi ketakutan. Komunikasi ketakutan telah dikaitkan dengan proses kognitif (Ayres, 1990) dan psikologis persepsi (Ayres, 1986). Selain itu, CA terjadi dalam berbagai pengaturan dan sering mengakibatkan hasil negatif untuk kedua pembicara dan pendengar. Akibatnya, pemahaman komunikasi harus diatasi oleh guru bahasa, terutama mereka yang mengajar bahasa kedua atau asing. Hal ini karena siswa yang sudah memiliki beberapa tingkat CA dalam bahasa ibu mereka akan menghadapi lebih cemas ketika berkomunikasi dalam bahasa asing atau kedua, seperti bahasa Inggris (Schlenker & Leary, 1982).Guru ESL tingkat tersier karena itu perlu membuat kondusif dan otentik lingkungan bagi siswa untuk dapat berlatih berbicara untuk mengurangi ketakutan mereka belajar. Seorang individu yang memiliki kemampuan kognitif yang baik dan dapat memanfaatkan keterampilan-keterampilan itu efektif dalam komunikasi akan menghadapi lebih sedikit hambatan dalam memberikan nya pikiran dan ide-ide di tempat kerja.Banyak berlaku pidato CA penelitian telah dilakukan, terutama pada lisan dan tertulis CA. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menentukan penyebab, efek, dan pengobatan yang berkaitan dengan CA. Efek negatif yang terkait dengan komunikasi ketakutan telah mendorong para peneliti untuk mengejar24sesuai dan layak pengurangan metode untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Ayres (1990) mempertahankan bahwa siswa yang mengalami kesulitan dengan komunikasi sering memiliki masalah yang berkaitan dengan ketakutan atau kecemasan ketika memberikan kata sambutan. Mereka mungkin juga memiliki ketakutan dan kecemasan terkait dengan mengantisipasi pengiriman pidato.
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ESL STUDENTS COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION AND THEIR CHOICE
OF COMMUNICATIVE ACTIVITIES
Wan Zumusni Wan Mustapha
Noriah Ismail
Deepak Singh Ratan Singh
Suhaidi Elias @Alias
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Abstract
In order to examine the English communication apprehension (CA) of ESL students at the tertiary level, this study surveyed and analysed 50 students in their final year of the Bachelor in Business Administration (BBA) programme at UiTM Johor. The study looked at the types of English language activities preferred by the students, as well as those they perceived as helpful. The results indicate that the students have a comparatively high level of communication apprehension. The study also reveals that the students prefer group discussion as a way of reducing their communicative anxiety.
Keywords: communication apprehension, ESL students, communicative activities
INTRODUCTION
Anxiety has been regarded as one of the most important affective factors influencing second language acquisition. Horwitz (1986) and Young (1991) discovered the relationship between anxiety and achievement in the learning of foreign languages, while Horwitz (1986) and MacIntyre and Gardner (1994) arrived at the conclusion that anxiety and achievement are correlated. In Malaysia, similar research has been conducted with ESL students, though mostly secondary school students. However, many students at the tertiary level are believed to still have difficulty communicating in English (Zhao Na, 2007). This phenomenon needs careful analysis in order to identify viable measures that will address the problem. This paper will address this issue among students at the tertiary level at a public university. Using an instrument to identify the level of communication apprehension among undergraduate students, the results of this study suggest some communicative activities that can be carried out to reduce students’ communication apprehension.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Despite the fact that the English language is the medium of instruction at the university level, many students (including final year graduates) still struggle to communicate in English for academic purposes. One of the primary reasons is that they lack the confidence and skills needed to successfully speak in English. As a result, they become apprehensive when asked to speak in public. This feeling of apprehension or fear when speaking in English has become a serious matter because it affects their employability and their self-esteem. Many students admit that they are unable to secure their dream jobs after they have graduated. This is likely due to their high levels of apprehension and their lack of confidence when asked to communicate in English during job interviews.
23
OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the study are to:
1. Identify the level of communication apprehension (CA) in English among BBA students at UiTM Johor.
2. Identify students’ perceptions of the types of speaking activities they prefer.
Suggest possible communicative activities that can be carried out to reduce students’ CA.
Significance of the Project
Inevitably, most language teachers and instructors agree that many students in Malaysia face problems communicating in English, as it is not their native language. Even at the university level, students feel apprehensive, awkward, shy, and insecure when asked to speak English in the classroom, let alone in public. This even includes those who scored well in writing and managed to obtain good grades in SPM, or the Malaysian national certificate examination for secondary school students. This is because speaking skills are totally different from writing skills. In order to feel confident when speaking English, students need constant motivation and encouragement from many sources, including their parents, teachers, and peers. If they feel inhibited when practicing speaking, they will never be able to improve. Therefore, this study is important as it seeks to:
1. Identify the level of the students’ communication apprehension in English.
2. Help the students overcome their communication apprehension.
Hence, this study will help ESL lecturers to uncover the real level of CA among tertiary students, particularly at UiTM Johor. Only by knowing the actual level of CA can the lecturers find viable measures that will help to reduce problems pertaining to CA. In addition, we sought to determine whether they were prepared to face the challenges of communicating with confidence after graduation.
LITERATURE REVIEW
According to McCroskey (1984), many students -- even at higher levels of study -- experience some level of fear and anxiety when asked to communicate, especially in public. This feeling of discomfort when communicating is called communication apprehension. Communication apprehension has been linked to both cognitive processes (Ayres, 1990) and psychological perceptions (Ayres, 1986). Furthermore, CA occurs in a variety of settings and often results in negative outcomes for both speakers and listeners. Consequently, communication apprehension must be addressed by language teachers, especially those teaching second or foreign languages. This is because students who already have some level of CA in their native language will face more anxiety when communicating in a foreign or second language, such as English (Schlenker & Leary, 1982).
ESL teachers at the tertiary level therefore need to create conducive and authentic learning environments for students to be able to practice speaking in order to reduce their apprehension. An individual who has good cognitive skills and can utilise those skills effectively in communication will face fewer barriers in delivering his or her thoughts and ideas at the workplace.
Many prevailing speech CA studies have been carried out, mainly on oral and written CA. These studies aim to determine the causes, effects, and treatments related to CA. The negative effects associated with communication apprehension have encouraged researchers to pursue
24
appropriate and viable reduction methods to address this issue. Ayres (1990) maintains that students who have difficulty with communication often have problems related to fear or anxiety when delivering a speech. They may also have fear and anxiety associated with anticipating the delivery of a speech.
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