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The counsellor also needs to be particularly sensitive towards theway in which sexuality and age can compound oppression. For olderlesbian clients,Young (1999) suggests that the primary purpose ofcounselling is to support them in countering the effects of a lifetimeof oppression and the opportunity to define themselves. Ratigan(1999) finds that older gay men are often uncomfortable with theincreased visibility of contemporary gay cultures after a lifetime ofliving in a mental and physical male ghetto, and can be very isolated.He considers sensitive assessment to be important with these clientsas therapeutic goals may need to be modest. HIV is another significantissue is counselling gay men, few not being affected in some waythrough personal experience, leading to preoccupation with death, orthrough HIV ‘burn out’ and social stigma (Hanson and Maroney,1999). Assessment of the significance of HIV in counselling gay menneed not necessarily be entirely problem-based; White (2000), forexample, asks ‘what are people’s positive experiences of HIV, what arethe knowledges and skills that people bring to these experiences, andhow might these knowledges and skills be elaborated?’SummaryIt will be clear from our discussion of the ‘isms’ above, that in the sameway that our clients cannot be truly autonomous individuals becauseof their social connectedness, so they do not operate simply from abroader network of social, political and economic factors.They alsooperate within a wider context of cultural assumptions, formationsand practices. Not only is it necessary for understanding to recogniseand acknowledge differences in cultural frameworks between counsellorsand clients, it is also important to realise that the ideas that arepresented to us through our cultural frameworks are neither neutralnor objective. As language both constructs and reflects reality, theseideas represent the interests of dominant cultures:‘Domination is notmerely power over a particular group, it is also a relationship betweenindividuals in which recognition of legitimacy ensures the persistenceof power’ (Poupeau, 2000, p. 72).Thus power and communication are closely entwined and, in acommunication encounter, clients do not start with a level playingfield. As counsellors have the power to influence clients in theconstruction of identities, and identities are frequently constructedin the counselling literature in terms of oppositions such asstraight/gay, normal/deviant (Woodward, 1997), it is important to40 Assessment in Counselling
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