As the chapters in this volume make clear, the Indonesian pesantrenhas terjemahan - As the chapters in this volume make clear, the Indonesian pesantrenhas Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

As the chapters in this volume make

As the chapters in this volume make clear, the Indonesian pesantren
has been more successful at maintaining its central place in Islamic
education than have its counterparts in the Malay peninsula, southern
Thailand, and Cambodia. Muslims in these other regions had boarding
schools (pondoks) similar in organization and ambition to Indonesian
pesantrens. The primary object of study in these boarding schools was
also the “yellow texts” (kitab kuning) studied in the Indonesian pesantren.
Over the course of the twentieth century, however, Malaysia and Cambodia’s
pondoks lost ground to more modernized Islamic schools, most
of which combined features of Western schooling with elements of the
Middle Eastern madrasa. The pondok tradition in Thailand has been
spared a comparable decline only because it became a symbol of the
Malay minority’s identity vis-à-vis the encroaching Thai state.15
The key to the Indonesian pesantren’s dynamism has been its
directors’ willingness to borrow from other school systems while
maintaining a commitment to the study of classical religious texts.
The first of the pesantren’s reforms was the above-mentioned introduction
of madrasa-style classrooms and grading into the pesantren,
a change that began in a few institutions in Java during the 1910s
and 1920s. Over the next half-century, two other reforms transformed
the pesantren: the opening of advanced study to women;
and the incorporation of general or “secular” content into the school
complex’s curriculum.
Educating Women
Until the 1910s, girls participated in pengajian Qur’an and other elementary
forms of religious study, but they were barred from the pesantrens
where students were provided with intermediate and advanced
study in the Islamic sciences.16 Religious scholarship was regarded as a
male profession. The occasional exception to the higher-educationalrule
concerned young women from the families of Islamic dignitaries,
some of whom were provided with advanced Arabic and allowed to
study classical religious texts. However, these exceptions to the gender
Schools, Social Movements & Democracy in Indonesia 63
rule were taught their lessons, not in formal schools, but in the privacy
of their homes or with a close relative in a nearby mosque.
In the 1910s, the ban on women from intermediate and advanced
Islamic education began to be lifted, as madrasas were established
in West Sumatra and Java that offered religious education for young
women. Several pesantrens followed suit in the late 1920s and 1930s.
Although at first they continued to lag behind those of boys, girls’
enrollments grew steadily in the late colonial and early independence
period. By the 1990s, some 5.7 million or 13 percent of Indonesia’s
44 million primary and secondary students were enrolled in madrasas,
and at the primary and junior high school levels male and female enrollments
were almost equal. At the senior secondary level, girls even
outnumbered boys 55 to 45 percent.17
A broadly balanced pattern also obtained in the pesantren wing of
the Islamic school system. In 2002, there were 2.97 million pesantren
students, most of whom, again, had received some manner of primary
education prior to enrolling in their pesantren program. Of the total,
52.7 percent were male; 47.3 percent female. Notwithstanding the bold
efforts of certain NU-based reformists, the texts most widely used in
pesantrens for teaching young men and women about marital relations
are still marked by stark masculinist biases.18 At the very least, however,
in terms of enrollments, Islamic education in Indonesia has opened its
doors wide to young women.
Accommodating the Secular
The second major reform in Islamic education, the incorporation of
general or “secular” educational materials into the curriculum, took
place in a similarly gradualist manner. Young Groups schools in West
Sumatra and south-central Java led the way in the change, introducing
mathematics, history, English, and science into the curriculum in the
1910s. In the 1920s, the innovation spread to several pesantrens, with
the renowned Tebuireng pesantren in Jombang and Gontor school in
Ponorogo, East Java, leading the way.19
Although the incorporation of classes, tests, and a “secular” curriculum
into Islamic schooling showed the clear imprint of Middle
Eastern educational reforms, the effort was also influenced by Dutch
policies during the last half-century of colonial rule, which ended
with the Japanese invasion in early 1942. When the Dutch introduced
64 ROBERT W. HEFNER
programs for native education at the end of the nineteenth century,
they made no secret of their desire to use secular schooling to diminish
the influence of Islamic schools and to create a Western-oriented
elite.20 In several parts of the East Indies, the Dutch succeeded in wooing
native officials away from Islam, an achievement that only further
strained relations between regional aristocrats and the Muslim elite.
In a few regions, tensions like these erupted into anti-aristocrat violence
during Indonesia’s war for independence (1945–1949).21 Rather
than just becoming pliant compradors, however, in the 1920s many
graduates of Dutch schools joined the country’s fledgling nationalist
movement, which was multireligious and multiethnic in spirit.
Faced with Dutch efforts to marginalize their schools, Muslim
educators responded by introducing general subject matter into them.
Social histories that I collected in 2005 and 2006 on Islamic school
development in West Sumatra, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi
underscored that the accommodation went relatively smoothly
in New-Group madrasas, like those of the Sumatra Thawalib in West
Sumatra and the Muhammadiyah organization in south-central Java.22
However, the reform proved far more difficult in traditionalist pesantrens,
for the simple reason that most pesantrens lacked teachers capable
of providing quality instruction in subjects like mathematics,
history, and English.
Notwithstanding these difficulties, the fast-changing national
scene continued to press pesantrens to accommodate general educational
subjects in their curriculum. In the 1950s, the newly independent
government of Indonesia launched an ambitious program of teacher
training and mass education. The broad appeal of this schooling was
reinforced by the fact that a grade-school degree quickly became the
minimum requirement for government and some private employment.
The rush to study in the new state schools caused enrollments
in Muslim schools to plummet, particularly at smaller pesantrens. In
the 1950s, many small boarding schools closed. Although enrollments
at larger institutions held steady,23 the pesantren share of the overall
student population fell sharply.
The consequence of this heightened competition for Muslim
students was that in the 1950s and 1960s more and more pesantren
directors resolved to introduce general education into their school
programs. Rather than incorporating the new subject matter directly
Schools, Social Movements & Democracy in Indonesia 65
into the pesantren curriculum, however, most directors opted to build
madrasas on the pesantren complex grounds. This allowed their students
to study general subjects at the madrasa during the middle of the
school day, leaving the early morning, late afternoon, and evening for
the study of Arabic and kitabs. At some institutions, young men and
women from the surrounding community attended these pesantrenbased
madrasas as well, a pattern still widespread today.
Ending Educational Dualism
In 1975, the trend toward greater pesantren involvement in general education
was given institutional impetus with the signing of a ministerial
memorandum stipulating that all students in Muslim schools should
receive a general elementary education of at least six years in addition
to their religious studies.24 Known as the “Three Ministers’ Joint Agreement”
(SKB Tiga Menteri), the memorandum’s central aim was to bring
Islamic education up to the same standard as that of nonreligious state
schools. The government provided incentives in support of the memorandum’s
recommendations. It offered modest funding to participating
schools, and, far more significant, promised that students who fulfilled
general-education requirements could sit for college entrance examinations.
The hope was that these measures would end once and for all the
educational dualism that had long excluded the graduates of Muslim
schools from non-Islamic institutions of higher learning.
To qualify for this degree equivalence, however, participating
madrasas had to meet certain conditions. Most important, they were
obliged to revise their curriculum so that 70 percent of the school
week was devoted to general learning while 30 percent was religious.
No less significant, to insure that instruction in general topics was of
the same quality as that provided in state schools, Muslim schools
were expected to use textbooks published by the Ministry of Education
and Culture and/or the Ministry of Religion.25 Over time, the
70–30 figure proved to be a curricular floor rather than an inflexible
standard. Schools that wished to devote a larger number of contact
hours to religious study were allowed to do so, but only by adding class
hours to the school day. In the years since the memorandum, many of
the better madrasas, and almost all madrasas housed in pesantrens,
have chosen this latter option. As a result, their students put in longer
hours than the average student in state schools, so as to devote as
66 ROBERT W. HEFNER
much as 50 percent of their school day to religious study even while
fulfilling the state’s general educational requirements.
The implementation of the 1975 memorandum’s recommendations
had three powerful effects on Islamic education as a whole. First,
it strengthened the already existing trend of large pesantrens opening
madrasas for general education on their school grounds.26 Second, the
new pol
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
As the chapters in this volume make clear, the Indonesian pesantrenhas been more successful at maintaining its central place in Islamiceducation than have its counterparts in the Malay peninsula, southernThailand, and Cambodia. Muslims in these other regions had boardingschools (pondoks) similar in organization and ambition to Indonesianpesantrens. The primary object of study in these boarding schools wasalso the “yellow texts” (kitab kuning) studied in the Indonesian pesantren.Over the course of the twentieth century, however, Malaysia and Cambodia’spondoks lost ground to more modernized Islamic schools, mostof which combined features of Western schooling with elements of theMiddle Eastern madrasa. The pondok tradition in Thailand has beenspared a comparable decline only because it became a symbol of theMalay minority’s identity vis-à-vis the encroaching Thai state.15The key to the Indonesian pesantren’s dynamism has been itsdirectors’ willingness to borrow from other school systems whilemaintaining a commitment to the study of classical religious texts.The first of the pesantren’s reforms was the above-mentioned introductionof madrasa-style classrooms and grading into the pesantren,a change that began in a few institutions in Java during the 1910sand 1920s. Over the next half-century, two other reforms transformedthe pesantren: the opening of advanced study to women;and the incorporation of general or “secular” content into the schoolcomplex’s curriculum.Educating WomenUntil the 1910s, girls participated in pengajian Qur’an and other elementaryforms of religious study, but they were barred from the pesantrenswhere students were provided with intermediate and advancedstudy in the Islamic sciences.16 Religious scholarship was regarded as amale profession. The occasional exception to the higher-educationalruleconcerned young women from the families of Islamic dignitaries,some of whom were provided with advanced Arabic and allowed tostudy classical religious texts. However, these exceptions to the genderSchools, Social Movements & Democracy in Indonesia 63rule were taught their lessons, not in formal schools, but in the privacyof their homes or with a close relative in a nearby mosque.In the 1910s, the ban on women from intermediate and advancedIslamic education began to be lifted, as madrasas were establishedin West Sumatra and Java that offered religious education for youngwomen. Several pesantrens followed suit in the late 1920s and 1930s.Although at first they continued to lag behind those of boys, girls’enrollments grew steadily in the late colonial and early independenceperiod. By the 1990s, some 5.7 million or 13 percent of Indonesia’s44 million primary and secondary students were enrolled in madrasas,and at the primary and junior high school levels male and female enrollmentswere almost equal. At the senior secondary level, girls evenoutnumbered boys 55 to 45 percent.17A broadly balanced pattern also obtained in the pesantren wing ofthe Islamic school system. In 2002, there were 2.97 million pesantrenstudents, most of whom, again, had received some manner of primaryeducation prior to enrolling in their pesantren program. Of the total,52.7 percent were male; 47.3 percent female. Notwithstanding the boldefforts of certain NU-based reformists, the texts most widely used inpesantrens for teaching young men and women about marital relationsare still marked by stark masculinist biases.18 At the very least, however,in terms of enrollments, Islamic education in Indonesia has opened itsdoors wide to young women.Accommodating the SecularThe second major reform in Islamic education, the incorporation ofgeneral or “secular” educational materials into the curriculum, tookplace in a similarly gradualist manner. Young Groups schools in WestSumatra and south-central Java led the way in the change, introducingmathematics, history, English, and science into the curriculum in the1910s. In the 1920s, the innovation spread to several pesantrens, withthe renowned Tebuireng pesantren in Jombang and Gontor school inPonorogo, East Java, leading the way.19Although the incorporation of classes, tests, and a “secular” curriculuminto Islamic schooling showed the clear imprint of MiddleEastern educational reforms, the effort was also influenced by Dutch
policies during the last half-century of colonial rule, which ended
with the Japanese invasion in early 1942. When the Dutch introduced
64 ROBERT W. HEFNER
programs for native education at the end of the nineteenth century,
they made no secret of their desire to use secular schooling to diminish
the influence of Islamic schools and to create a Western-oriented
elite.20 In several parts of the East Indies, the Dutch succeeded in wooing
native officials away from Islam, an achievement that only further
strained relations between regional aristocrats and the Muslim elite.
In a few regions, tensions like these erupted into anti-aristocrat violence
during Indonesia’s war for independence (1945–1949).21 Rather
than just becoming pliant compradors, however, in the 1920s many
graduates of Dutch schools joined the country’s fledgling nationalist
movement, which was multireligious and multiethnic in spirit.
Faced with Dutch efforts to marginalize their schools, Muslim
educators responded by introducing general subject matter into them.
Social histories that I collected in 2005 and 2006 on Islamic school
development in West Sumatra, Central and East Java, and South Sulawesi
underscored that the accommodation went relatively smoothly
in New-Group madrasas, like those of the Sumatra Thawalib in West
Sumatra and the Muhammadiyah organization in south-central Java.22
However, the reform proved far more difficult in traditionalist pesantrens,
for the simple reason that most pesantrens lacked teachers capable
of providing quality instruction in subjects like mathematics,
history, and English.
Notwithstanding these difficulties, the fast-changing national
scene continued to press pesantrens to accommodate general educational
subjects in their curriculum. In the 1950s, the newly independent
government of Indonesia launched an ambitious program of teacher
training and mass education. The broad appeal of this schooling was
reinforced by the fact that a grade-school degree quickly became the
minimum requirement for government and some private employment.
The rush to study in the new state schools caused enrollments
in Muslim schools to plummet, particularly at smaller pesantrens. In
the 1950s, many small boarding schools closed. Although enrollments
at larger institutions held steady,23 the pesantren share of the overall
student population fell sharply.
The consequence of this heightened competition for Muslim
students was that in the 1950s and 1960s more and more pesantren
directors resolved to introduce general education into their school
programs. Rather than incorporating the new subject matter directly
Schools, Social Movements & Democracy in Indonesia 65
into the pesantren curriculum, however, most directors opted to build
madrasas on the pesantren complex grounds. This allowed their students
to study general subjects at the madrasa during the middle of the
school day, leaving the early morning, late afternoon, and evening for
the study of Arabic and kitabs. At some institutions, young men and
women from the surrounding community attended these pesantrenbased
madrasas as well, a pattern still widespread today.
Ending Educational Dualism
In 1975, the trend toward greater pesantren involvement in general education
was given institutional impetus with the signing of a ministerial
memorandum stipulating that all students in Muslim schools should
receive a general elementary education of at least six years in addition
to their religious studies.24 Known as the “Three Ministers’ Joint Agreement”
(SKB Tiga Menteri), the memorandum’s central aim was to bring
Islamic education up to the same standard as that of nonreligious state
schools. The government provided incentives in support of the memorandum’s
recommendations. It offered modest funding to participating
schools, and, far more significant, promised that students who fulfilled
general-education requirements could sit for college entrance examinations.
The hope was that these measures would end once and for all the
educational dualism that had long excluded the graduates of Muslim
schools from non-Islamic institutions of higher learning.
To qualify for this degree equivalence, however, participating
madrasas had to meet certain conditions. Most important, they were
obliged to revise their curriculum so that 70 percent of the school
week was devoted to general learning while 30 percent was religious.
No less significant, to insure that instruction in general topics was of
the same quality as that provided in state schools, Muslim schools
were expected to use textbooks published by the Ministry of Education
and Culture and/or the Ministry of Religion.25 Over time, the
70–30 figure proved to be a curricular floor rather than an inflexible
standard. Schools that wished to devote a larger number of contact
hours to religious study were allowed to do so, but only by adding class
hours to the school day. In the years since the memorandum, many of
the better madrasas, and almost all madrasas housed in pesantrens,
have chosen this latter option. As a result, their students put in longer
hours than the average student in state schools, so as to devote as
66 ROBERT W. HEFNER
much as 50 percent of their school day to religious study even while
fulfilling the state’s general educational requirements.
The implementation of the 1975 memorandum’s recommendations
had three powerful effects on Islamic education as a whole. First,
it strengthened the already existing trend of large pesantrens opening
madrasas for general education on their school grounds.26 Second, the
new pol
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Sebagai bab dalam buku ini membuat jelas, pesantren Indonesia
telah lebih berhasil untuk mempertahankan tempat pusat di Islam
pendidikan daripada harus rekan-rekan di Semenanjung Malaya, selatan
Thailand, dan Kamboja. Muslim di wilayah-wilayah lainnya telah naik
sekolah (pondok) yang sama dalam organisasi dan ambisi untuk Indonesia
pesantren. Tujuan utama dari penelitian di sekolah-sekolah asrama itu
juga "teks kuning" (kitab kuning) belajar di pesantren di Indonesia.
Selama abad kedua puluh, bagaimanapun, Malaysia dan Kamboja
pondok kehilangan tanah untuk sekolah-sekolah Islam yang lebih modern, sebagian
dari yang dikombinasikan fitur sekolah Barat dengan unsur-unsur dari
madrasah Timur Tengah. The pondok tradisi di Thailand telah
terhindar penurunan dibandingkan hanya karena menjadi simbol dari
identitas Melayu minoritas vis-à-vis melanggar Thai state.15
Kunci dinamika pesantren Indonesia yang telah nya
kesediaan direksi untuk meminjam dari lainnya sistem sekolah sementara
menjaga komitmen untuk mempelajari teks-teks keagamaan klasik.
Yang pertama dari reformasi pesantren itu pengenalan yang disebutkan di atas
ruang kelas madrasah-gaya dan kadar ke pesantren,
perubahan yang dimulai dalam beberapa lembaga di Jawa selama tahun 1910-an
dan 1920-an. Selama setengah abad berikutnya, dua reformasi lainnya mengubah
pesantren: pembukaan studi lanjutan untuk perempuan,
dan penggabungan umum atau konten "sekuler" ke sekolah
. kurikulum kompleks
Mendidik Wanita
Sampai tahun 1910-an, perempuan berpartisipasi dalam pengajian Al-Qur ' sebuah SD dan lainnya
bentuk studi agama, namun mereka dilarang dari pesantren
dimana siswa disediakan dengan menengah dan lanjutan
studi di Islam sciences.16 beasiswa Agama dianggap sebagai
profesi laki-laki. Sesekali pengecualian tinggi-educationalrule
bersangkutan wanita muda dari keluarga pejabat Islam,
beberapa di antaranya dilengkapi dengan canggih Arab dan diizinkan untuk
mempelajari teks-teks keagamaan klasik. Namun, pengecualian ini untuk jenis kelamin
Sekolah, Gerakan Sosial & Demokrasi di Indonesia 63
aturan diajarkan pelajaran mereka, bukan di sekolah formal, tetapi dalam privasi
rumah mereka atau dengan kerabat dekat di sebuah masjid di dekatnya.
Pada tahun 1910-an, larangan tersebut perempuan dari menengah dan lanjutan
pendidikan Islam mulai diangkat, sebagai madrasah didirikan
di Sumatera Barat dan Jawa yang ditawarkan pendidikan agama bagi anak muda
perempuan. Beberapa pesantren mengikuti pada akhir tahun 1920 dan 1930-an.
Meskipun pada awalnya mereka terus tertinggal di belakang mereka anak laki-laki, anak perempuan
pendaftaran tumbuh terus dalam kemerdekaan kolonial dan awal akhir
periode. Pada akhir 1990, beberapa 5,7 juta atau 13 persen dari Indonesia yang
44 juta siswa sekolah dasar dan menengah yang terdaftar di madrasah,
dan di tingkat sekolah SD dan SMP pendaftaran laki-laki dan perempuan
yang hampir sama. Pada tingkat SLTA, perempuan bahkan
kalah jumlah anak laki-laki 55-45 percent.17
Pola luas seimbang juga diperoleh di sayap pesantren dari
sistem sekolah Islam. Pada tahun 2002, ada 2,97 juta pesantren
mahasiswa, yang sebagian besar, sekali lagi, telah menerima beberapa cara utama
pendidikan sebelum mendaftar dalam program pesantren mereka. Dari jumlah tersebut,
52,7 persen adalah laki-laki; 47,3 persen perempuan. Meskipun berani
upaya reformis tertentu NU berbasis teks yang paling banyak digunakan di
pesantren untuk mengajar pria dan wanita tentang hubungan perkawinan muda
masih ditandai dengan mencolok biases.18 maskulin Setidaknya, namun,
dalam hal pendaftaran, pendidikan Islam di Indonesia telah membuka nya
pintu lebar untuk wanita muda.
Menampung Sekuler
Reformasi besar kedua dalam pendidikan Islam, penggabungan
umum atau "sekuler" materi pendidikan ke dalam kurikulum, mengambil
tempat dalam cara yang sama gradualis. Sekolah muda Grup di West
Sumatera dan selatan-Jawa Tengah memimpin jalan dalam perubahan, memperkenalkan
matematika, sejarah, bahasa Inggris, dan ilmu pengetahuan ke dalam kurikulum di
tahun 1910-an. Pada tahun 1920, inovasi menyebar ke beberapa pesantren, dengan
pesantren Tebuireng yang terkenal di sekolah Jombang dan Gontor di
Ponorogo, Jawa Timur, memimpin way.19
Meskipun penggabungan kelas, tes, dan "sekuler" kurikulum
dalam pendidikan Islam menunjukkan jejak yang jelas Tengah
reformasi pendidikan Timur, upaya itu juga dipengaruhi oleh Belanda
kebijakan selama setengah abad terakhir pemerintahan kolonial, yang berakhir
dengan invasi Jepang pada awal 1942. Ketika Belanda diperkenalkan
64 ROBERT W. HEFNER
program pendidikan pribumi pada akhir abad kesembilan belas,
mereka tidak merahasiakan keinginan mereka untuk menggunakan sekolah sekuler untuk mengurangi
pengaruh sekolah Islam dan membuat berorientasi Barat
elite.20 Dalam beberapa bagian dari Hindia, Belanda berhasil merayu
asli Para pejabat dari Islam, suatu prestasi yang hanya lebih lanjut
tegang hubungan antara bangsawan daerah dan elit Muslim.
Dalam beberapa daerah, ketegangan seperti ini meletus menjadi kekerasan anti-bangsawan
selama perang kemerdekaan Indonesia (1945-1949) .21 Alih
hanya menjadi komprador liat, namun, pada tahun 1920 banyak
lulusan dari sekolah-sekolah Belanda bergabung nasionalis yang masih muda negara itu
gerakan, yang multi-agama dan multietnis dalam roh.
Dihadapkan dengan upaya Belanda untuk meminggirkan sekolah mereka, Muslim
pendidik merespon dengan memperkenalkan materi pelajaran umum ke mereka.
sejarah Sosial yang saya kumpulkan pada tahun 2005 dan 2006 di sekolah Islam
pembangunan di Sumatera Barat, Tengah dan Jawa Timur, dan Sulawesi Selatan
menggarisbawahi bahwa akomodasi pergi relatif lancar
di madrasah New-Group, seperti orang-orang dari Sumatra Thawalib di West
Sumatera dan organisasi Muhammadiyah di selatan-tengah Java.22
Namun, reformasi terbukti jauh lebih sulit di pesantren tradisional,
karena alasan sederhana bahwa kebanyakan pesantren tidak memiliki guru yang mampu
memberikan instruksi kualitas dalam mata pelajaran seperti matematika,
sejarah, dan bahasa Inggris.
Meskipun kesulitan-kesulitan ini, cepat-perubahan nasional
adegan terus menekan pesantren untuk mengakomodasi pendidikan umum
mata pelajaran dalam kurikulum mereka. Pada tahun 1950, yang baru merdeka
pemerintah Indonesia meluncurkan program ambisius guru
pelatihan dan pendidikan massa. Daya tarik yang luas dari sekolah ini
diperkuat oleh fakta bahwa tingkat sekolah dasar dengan cepat menjadi
persyaratan minimum untuk pemerintah dan beberapa kerja swasta.
Buru-buru untuk belajar di sekolah-sekolah negeri yang baru disebabkan pendaftaran
di sekolah-sekolah Islam menurun, terutama di pesantren kecil . Pada
tahun 1950-an, banyak pesantren kecil ditutup. Meskipun pendaftaran
di lembaga yang lebih besar tetap stabil, 23 pangsa pesantren dari keseluruhan
populasi siswa turun tajam.
Konsekuensi dari meningkatnya kompetisi ini untuk Muslim
siswa adalah bahwa pada tahun 1950 dan 1960-an semakin banyak pesantren
direksi memutuskan untuk memperkenalkan pendidikan umum ke sekolah mereka
program . Daripada menggabungkan subjek baru materi langsung
sekolah, Gerakan Sosial & Demokrasi di Indonesia 65
ke dalam kurikulum pesantren, namun, sebagian besar direksi memilih untuk membangun
madrasah dengan alasan kompleks pesantren. Hal ini memungkinkan siswa mereka
untuk belajar mata pelajaran umum di madrasah selama tengah
hari sekolah, meninggalkan pagi, sore, dan malam untuk
studi bahasa Arab dan kitabs. Di beberapa lembaga, pemuda dan
perempuan dari masyarakat sekitar hadir ini pesantrenbased
madrasah juga, pola masih tersebar luas saat ini.
Ending Pendidikan Dualisme
Pada tahun 1975, kecenderungan yang lebih besar keterlibatan pesantren dalam pendidikan umum
diberikan dorongan institusional dengan penandatanganan menteri yang
memorandum yang menyatakan bahwa semua siswa di sekolah Muslim harus
menerima pendidikan dasar umum setidaknya enam tahun di samping
untuk studies.24 agama mereka dikenal sebagai "Perjanjian Bersama Tiga Menteri '" yang
(SKB Tiga Menteri), tujuan utama nota adalah untuk membawa
pendidikan Islam sampai ke standar yang sama dengan negara non-religius
sekolah. Pemerintah memberikan insentif dalam mendukung memorandum itu
rekomendasi. Ini menawarkan pendanaan sederhana untuk berpartisipasi
sekolah, dan, jauh lebih signifikan, berjanji bahwa siswa yang memenuhi
persyaratan umum pendidikan bisa mengikuti ujian masuk perguruan tinggi.
Harapannya adalah bahwa langkah-langkah ini akan berakhir sekali dan untuk semua
dualisme pendidikan yang sudah lama dikecualikan lulusan Muslim
sekolah dari lembaga non-Islam pendidikan tinggi.
Untuk memenuhi syarat untuk gelar kesetaraan ini, bagaimanapun, berpartisipasi
madrasah harus memenuhi kondisi tertentu. Yang paling penting, mereka
diwajibkan untuk merevisi kurikulum mereka sehingga 70 persen dari sekolah
minggu dikhususkan untuk pembelajaran umum sementara 30 persen adalah agama.
Tidak kurang signifikan, untuk memastikan bahwa instruksi dalam topik umum adalah dari
kualitas yang sama seperti yang diberikan dalam negara sekolah, sekolah Muslim
diharapkan untuk menggunakan buku teks yang diterbitkan oleh Departemen Pendidikan
dan Kebudayaan dan / atau Departemen agama.25 Seiring waktu,
70-30 angka terbukti menjadi lantai kurikuler daripada tidak fleksibel
standar. Sekolah yang ingin mengabdikan sejumlah besar kontak
jam untuk studi agama diizinkan untuk melakukannya, tetapi hanya dengan menambahkan kelas
jam untuk hari sekolah. Pada tahun-tahun sejak memorandum, banyak
madrasah yang lebih baik, dan hampir semua madrasah bertempat di pesantren,
telah memilih opsi terakhir ini. Akibatnya, siswa mereka dimasukkan ke dalam lagi
jam dari rata-rata siswa di sekolah negeri, sehingga untuk mengabdikan sebagai
66 ROBERT W. HEFNER
sebanyak 50 persen dari hari sekolah mereka untuk belajar agama bahkan saat
memenuhi persyaratan pendidikan negara umum.
Implementasi dari 1975 rekomendasi memorandum ini
memiliki tiga efek yang kuat pada pendidikan Islam secara keseluruhan. Pertama,
itu memperkuat tren yang sudah ada dari pesantren besar yang membuka
madrasah untuk pendidikan umum pada mereka Kedua grounds.26 sekolah,
pol baru
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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