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Kantian Accounts of Corporate Socia

Kantian Accounts of Corporate Social Responsibility
Although I have discussed corporate social responsibility on a number of occasions including Business Ethics co-authored with Ronald Duska and in Management Ethics as well as in Chap. 6 of this volume, I have never speci fi cally used Kantian ethics as the ground for the discussion. Recently there have been two contributions to the discussion of corporate social responsibility. The fi r st is by Jeffery Smith. 52 In Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective , I had argued that a business organization should be viewed as a moral community and that managers had an imperfect duty of benefi c ence to their corporate stakeholders. However, I did not elaborate on just what that duty consists of and how extensive it is. In his “Corporate Duties of Virtue: Making (Kantian) Sense of Corporate Social Responsibility,” Smith provides an argument to show that corporations have an imperfect duty of social responsibility. He does this through a careful reading of the Kantian texts on the duty of benefi c ence as well as some recent Kantian scholarship on that topic. As a result of that analysis Smith argues that “the duty of benefi c ence is a duty regarding how moral agents should deliberate about how to live”. At the corporate level, then, the duty requires that managers “integrate concern for others in their commercial dealings.” Integrating this concern into corporate decision making provides a rich account of corporate social responsibility. Smith’s contribution is an important expansion of the Kantian project to a topic in business ethics that has not often been viewed from the perspective of a major ethical theory. I am unaware, for example, of an Aristotelian account of
52 Smith, Jeffery. (2012). “Corporate Duties of Virtue: Making (Kantian) Sense of Corporate Social Responsibility” in Denis Arnold and Jared Harris (eds.), Kantian Business Ethics : Critical Perspectives. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 59–75.
68 4 Kantian Themes
corporate social responsibility. Smith’s essay is solidly grounded in the Kantian text and Kantian scholarship while providing a clear and managerially sound account of corporate social responsibility. There is no separation thesis here. I am happy to concur with his analysis and the conclusions based on it. Another paper on this topic is “A Neo-Kantian Foundation of Social Responsibility”, by Wim Dubbink and Luc van Liedekerke. 53 Many have argued that corporations have a social responsibility to improve society. However, is this responsibility a moral duty or is it voluntary-something it would be nice for corporations to do? In Business Ethics : A Kantian Perspective, I argued the traditional Kantian line that there is a genuine imperfect duty to help improve society but there was great latitude in how often the duty was to be acted upon and on what actions the duty to improve society might actually require. In “A Neo-Kantian Foundation of Social Responsibility” the authors ground the morality of social responsibility in political theory-specifi c ally in free market democratic liberalism. For them, Kant’s political theory and the political philosophy of his neo-Kantian followers provide the ground, while I tried to derive the obligations directly from Kant’s ethical theory. Dubbink and Liedekerke begin with Kant’s distinction between the duties of Right and the duties of Virtue. The former are duties imposed by law and necessary for a civil society. The latter are requirements of virtue. Are the duties of virtue morally required? Is the requirement to help others mandatory? These scholars think that at least some set of the duties of virtue are required and if that is the case, there are duties of virtue that are required and duties of virtue that are voluntary. If I understand this argument correctly, it would mean that some speci fi c imperfect duties would always be required just as perfect duties are. However, Dubbink and Liedekerke think that the focus on the imperfect/perfect distinction is not as helpful in making their point as the distinction between duties of Right and duties of Virtue. The issue for them is whether “individuals must independently acknowledge the full set of general rules, otherwise morality would no longer be about self-governance.” 54 As I understand it, they argue that some duties of virtue are always duties in the sense that they must be considered when acting. In other words, whenever the executives of a company make decisions, the duty to consider how society is affected is always present. However, in some (many?), cases any duty to improve society is trumped by other considerations. I believe this approach has much in common with the general theoretic position of Barbara Herman in Moral Literacy . In addition with respect to the content of the duty to improve society, Dubbink and Liedekerke, believe that these non voluntary duties of virtue are socially determined rather than determined by individuals acting independently and in isolation. After all the kingdom of ends is a social concept. This paper fi ts well with the renewed interest in Kant’s political philosophy and his views on duty in the Metaphysics of Morals. It is also grounded in the work of contemporary Kant
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Kantian Accounts of Corporate Social Responsibility Although I have discussed corporate social responsibility on a number of occasions including Business Ethics co-authored with Ronald Duska and in Management Ethics as well as in Chap. 6 of this volume, I have never speci fi cally used Kantian ethics as the ground for the discussion. Recently there have been two contributions to the discussion of corporate social responsibility. The fi r st is by Jeffery Smith. 52 In Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective , I had argued that a business organization should be viewed as a moral community and that managers had an imperfect duty of benefi c ence to their corporate stakeholders. However, I did not elaborate on just what that duty consists of and how extensive it is. In his “Corporate Duties of Virtue: Making (Kantian) Sense of Corporate Social Responsibility,” Smith provides an argument to show that corporations have an imperfect duty of social responsibility. He does this through a careful reading of the Kantian texts on the duty of benefi c ence as well as some recent Kantian scholarship on that topic. As a result of that analysis Smith argues that “the duty of benefi c ence is a duty regarding how moral agents should deliberate about how to live”. At the corporate level, then, the duty requires that managers “integrate concern for others in their commercial dealings.” Integrating this concern into corporate decision making provides a rich account of corporate social responsibility. Smith’s contribution is an important expansion of the Kantian project to a topic in business ethics that has not often been viewed from the perspective of a major ethical theory. I am unaware, for example, of an Aristotelian account of 52 Smith, Jeffery. (2012). “Corporate Duties of Virtue: Making (Kantian) Sense of Corporate Social Responsibility” in Denis Arnold and Jared Harris (eds.), Kantian Business Ethics : Critical Perspectives. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 59–75.
68 4 Kantian Themes
corporate social responsibility. Smith’s essay is solidly grounded in the Kantian text and Kantian scholarship while providing a clear and managerially sound account of corporate social responsibility. There is no separation thesis here. I am happy to concur with his analysis and the conclusions based on it. Another paper on this topic is “A Neo-Kantian Foundation of Social Responsibility”, by Wim Dubbink and Luc van Liedekerke. 53 Many have argued that corporations have a social responsibility to improve society. However, is this responsibility a moral duty or is it voluntary-something it would be nice for corporations to do? In Business Ethics : A Kantian Perspective, I argued the traditional Kantian line that there is a genuine imperfect duty to help improve society but there was great latitude in how often the duty was to be acted upon and on what actions the duty to improve society might actually require. In “A Neo-Kantian Foundation of Social Responsibility” the authors ground the morality of social responsibility in political theory-specifi c ally in free market democratic liberalism. For them, Kant’s political theory and the political philosophy of his neo-Kantian followers provide the ground, while I tried to derive the obligations directly from Kant’s ethical theory. Dubbink and Liedekerke begin with Kant’s distinction between the duties of Right and the duties of Virtue. The former are duties imposed by law and necessary for a civil society. The latter are requirements of virtue. Are the duties of virtue morally required? Is the requirement to help others mandatory? These scholars think that at least some set of the duties of virtue are required and if that is the case, there are duties of virtue that are required and duties of virtue that are voluntary. If I understand this argument correctly, it would mean that some speci fi c imperfect duties would always be required just as perfect duties are. However, Dubbink and Liedekerke think that the focus on the imperfect/perfect distinction is not as helpful in making their point as the distinction between duties of Right and duties of Virtue. The issue for them is whether “individuals must independently acknowledge the full set of general rules, otherwise morality would no longer be about self-governance.” 54 As I understand it, they argue that some duties of virtue are always duties in the sense that they must be considered when acting. In other words, whenever the executives of a company make decisions, the duty to consider how society is affected is always present. However, in some (many?), cases any duty to improve society is trumped by other considerations. I believe this approach has much in common with the general theoretic position of Barbara Herman in Moral Literacy . In addition with respect to the content of the duty to improve society, Dubbink and Liedekerke, believe that these non voluntary duties of virtue are socially determined rather than determined by individuals acting independently and in isolation. After all the kingdom of ends is a social concept. This paper fi ts well with the renewed interest in Kant’s political philosophy and his views on duty in the Metaphysics of Morals. It is also grounded in the work of contemporary Kant
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Kantian Account Corporate Social Responsibility
Meskipun saya telah membahas tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan pada sejumlah kesempatan termasuk Etika Bisnis co-ditulis dengan Ronald Duska dan Etika Manajemen serta di Chap. 6 dari buku ini, saya tidak pernah secara khusus digunakan etika Kantian sebagai dasar untuk diskusi. Baru-baru ini ada dua kontribusi untuk diskusi tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan. Fi r st adalah dengan Jeffery Smith. 52 Dalam Etika Bisnis: Sebuah Perspektif Kantian, saya telah menegaskan bahwa organisasi bisnis harus dilihat sebagai sebuah komunitas moral dan bahwa manajer memiliki tugas yang tidak sempurna dari manfaat c ence kepada para pemangku kepentingan perusahaan mereka. Namun, saya tidak merinci apa tugas yang terdiri dari dan seberapa luas itu. Dalam bukunya "Tugas Perusahaan Kebajikan: Pembuatan (Kantian) Sense of Corporate Social Responsibility," Smith memberikan argumen untuk menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan memiliki kewajiban yang tidak sempurna dari tanggung jawab sosial. Dia melakukan ini melalui hati-hati membaca teks Kantian pada tugas manfaat c ence serta beberapa beasiswa Kantian baru pada topik itu. Sebagai hasil dari analisis yang Smith berpendapat bahwa "tugas manfaat c ence adalah tugas tentang bagaimana agen moral yang harus berunding tentang bagaimana hidup". Pada tingkat perusahaan, kemudian, tugas mensyaratkan bahwa manajer "mengintegrasikan kepedulian terhadap orang lain dalam hubungan komersial mereka." Mengintegrasikan keprihatinan ini ke pengambilan keputusan perusahaan menyediakan rekening kaya tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan. Kontribusi Smith merupakan perluasan penting dari proyek Kantian untuk topik dalam etika bisnis yang belum sering dilihat dari perspektif teori etika utama. Saya menyadari, misalnya, dari akun Aristotelian dari
52 Smith, Jeffery. (2012). "Tugas Perusahaan Kebajikan: Pembuatan (Kantian) Sense of Corporate Social Responsibility" di Denis Arnold dan Jared Harris (eds.), Etika Bisnis Kantian: Perspektif Kritis. Cheltenham:. Edward Elgar Publishing, 59-75
68 4 Tema Kantian
tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan. Esai Smith yang kokoh didasarkan pada teks Kantian dan Kantian beasiswa sambil memberikan rekening yang jelas dan manajerial suara tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan. Tidak ada pemisahan tesis sini. Saya senang untuk setuju dengan analisis dan kesimpulan berdasarkan itu. Makalah lain pada topik ini adalah "A Neo-Kantian Yayasan Social Responsibility", oleh Wim Dubbink dan Luc van Liedekerke. 53 Banyak yang berpendapat bahwa perusahaan memiliki tanggung jawab sosial untuk meningkatkan masyarakat. Namun, tanggung jawab ini kewajiban moral atau itu sukarela-sesuatu akan menyenangkan bagi perusahaan untuk melakukan? Dalam Etika Bisnis: Sebuah Kantian Perspektif, saya berpendapat garis Kantian tradisional yang ada tugas yang tidak sempurna tulus untuk membantu meningkatkan masyarakat tapi ada lintang besar di seberapa sering tugas itu harus ditindaklanjuti dan apa tindakan kewajiban untuk memperbaiki masyarakat mungkin benar-benar membutuhkan. Dalam "A Neo-Kantian Yayasan Social Responsibility" para penulis tanah moralitas tanggung jawab sosial di politik teori-spesifik sekutu di pasar bebas liberalisme demokrasi. Bagi mereka, teori politik Kant dan filsafat politik pengikut neo-Kantian nya menyediakan tanah, sementara aku mencoba untuk menurunkan kewajiban langsung dari teori etika Kant. Dubbink dan Liedekerke mulai dengan perbedaan Kant antara tugas Hak dan tugas Kebajikan. Mantan adalah pungutan yang diberlakukan oleh hukum dan diperlukan untuk masyarakat sipil. Yang terakhir adalah persyaratan kebajikan. Apakah tugas kebajikan moral diperlukan? Adalah kebutuhan untuk membantu orang lain wajib? Para sarjana ini berpikir bahwa setidaknya beberapa set tugas kebajikan yang diperlukan dan jika itu terjadi, ada tugas kebajikan yang diperlukan dan tugas kebajikan yang bersifat sukarela. Jika saya memahami argumen ini benar, itu berarti bahwa beberapa fi c tugas yang tidak sempurna tertentu akan selalu diperlukan seperti tugas yang sempurna adalah. Namun, Dubbink dan Liedekerke berpikir bahwa fokus pada yang tidak sempurna / perbedaan yang sempurna ini tidak membantu dalam membuat poin mereka sebagai perbedaan antara tugas Hak dan kewajiban Kebajikan. Masalah bagi mereka adalah apakah "individu harus independen mengakui set lengkap aturan umum, jika moralitas tidak lagi menjadi sekitar pemerintahan sendiri." 54 Seperti yang saya pahami, mereka berpendapat bahwa beberapa tugas kebajikan selalu tugas dalam arti bahwa mereka harus dipertimbangkan ketika bertindak. Dengan kata lain, setiap kali para eksekutif dari sebuah perusahaan membuat keputusan, tugas untuk mempertimbangkan bagaimana masyarakat dipengaruhi selalu hadir. Namun, dalam beberapa (banyak?), Kasus kewajiban untuk memperbaiki masyarakat adalah palsu oleh pertimbangan lain. Saya percaya pendekatan ini memiliki banyak kesamaan dengan posisi teoritis umum Barbara Herman di Moral Literasi. Selain sehubungan dengan isi dari tugas untuk meningkatkan masyarakat, Dubbink dan Liedekerke, percaya bahwa tugas non sukarela kebajikan ditentukan secara sosial daripada ditentukan oleh individu yang bertindak secara independen dan dalam isolasi. Setelah semua kerajaan ujung adalah konsep sosial. Ini kertas fi ts baik dengan minat baru dalam filsafat politik Kant dan pandangannya bertugas di Metafisika dari Moral. Hal ini juga didasarkan pada karya Kant kontemporer
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