The integrity of water/steam circuits of thermo-electric power plants  terjemahan - The integrity of water/steam circuits of thermo-electric power plants  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The integrity of water/steam circui

The integrity of water/steam circuits of thermo-electric power plants is critically dependent on chemistry issues to ensure the avoidance of excessive corrosion damage and deposition. The consequences of inappropriate chemistries can be severe irreversible plant damage requiring extensive repairs and remedial actions. Accordingly there has been widespread development, generally on a country by country and in some cases on a company by company basis, of guidelines for the chemistry of fossil fired plants. Discussion of this subject on a seminar (at the Israel meeting of THERCHIM, Group of Experts meeting in 1995) showed a convergence of national guidelines comparing to the earlier inquiry [1] in 1970. Because of differences in national standards at that time, joint UNIPEDE guidelines could not be prepared. The current agreement between countries motivated formation of a Working Group for the preparation of the UNIPEDE guidelines for the chemical control of steam water circuits. This includes the establishment of guidance for the optimisation of plant integrity and availability when operating for periods outside the normal specification range.

The approach adopted has been to encompass all of the national and company reference guidelines for the chemical control of large generating plant available from the utilities represented in UNIPEDE. These guidelines have been developed and defined taking account of both operational experience and the recommendations of the plant suppliers.

The concept of action levels for important chemical control parameters has been adopted, and a procedure for further development of the use of these in terms of plant lifetime assessment is suggested. In some of the national and company guidelines action levels are already identified for some parameters for the out of specification operation of the water, steam circuit. These set out, in broad terms, the time limits for operation out of specification. In general the action level approach is not supported by the plant suppliers who tend to specify normal operating parameters only. In Europe the VGB recommendations[2], which apply to industrial plants in addition to power systems carry international authority.

The concept of action levels has also been adopted by the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the USA[3]; these are probably the most widely adopted guidelines world wide.

The UNIPEDE guidelines will only address fossil fuelled power plants. The action level approach adopted covers chemical control parameters from normal acceptable operation, through minor perturbations, to more serious deviations and ultimately plant shut down. Control parameters are chosen as those which are directly influenceable by operator intervention.


1.2 Review of Current Practice of UNIPEDE Members

Guidelines from several countries/utilities have been collected together and compared. Only the most significant chemical parameters for feed-water, boiler water, and steam have been considered, and although a few UNIPEDE members already use the action level approach, the normal operating values in individual guidelines have been found to be quite similar (see Appendix 1). It has therefore proved feasible to propose action levels which are broadly applicable across UNIPEDE members.

Data from the inquiry relate to high pressure plants, including both once through and drum type boilers. The following operational regimes are covered:

- All volatile treatment, AVT, - reducing regimes in which pH is controlled with ammonia and an oxygen scavenger (usually hydrazine) may be added.

- Combined water treatment, CWT, or oxygenated treatment, OT, - ammonia under slightly oxidising conditions usually achieved by oxygen dosing with very restrictive limits on acid conductivity.
(In these guidelines the acronym OT will be used.)
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The integrity of water/steam circuits of thermo-electric power plants is critically dependent on chemistry issues to ensure the avoidance of excessive corrosion damage and deposition. The consequences of inappropriate chemistries can be severe irreversible plant damage requiring extensive repairs and remedial actions. Accordingly there has been widespread development, generally on a country by country and in some cases on a company by company basis, of guidelines for the chemistry of fossil fired plants. Discussion of this subject on a seminar (at the Israel meeting of THERCHIM, Group of Experts meeting in 1995) showed a convergence of national guidelines comparing to the earlier inquiry [1] in 1970. Because of differences in national standards at that time, joint UNIPEDE guidelines could not be prepared. The current agreement between countries motivated formation of a Working Group for the preparation of the UNIPEDE guidelines for the chemical control of steam water circuits. This includes the establishment of guidance for the optimisation of plant integrity and availability when operating for periods outside the normal specification range.The approach adopted has been to encompass all of the national and company reference guidelines for the chemical control of large generating plant available from the utilities represented in UNIPEDE. These guidelines have been developed and defined taking account of both operational experience and the recommendations of the plant suppliers.The concept of action levels for important chemical control parameters has been adopted, and a procedure for further development of the use of these in terms of plant lifetime assessment is suggested. In some of the national and company guidelines action levels are already identified for some parameters for the out of specification operation of the water, steam circuit. These set out, in broad terms, the time limits for operation out of specification. In general the action level approach is not supported by the plant suppliers who tend to specify normal operating parameters only. In Europe the VGB recommendations[2], which apply to industrial plants in addition to power systems carry international authority.The concept of action levels has also been adopted by the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) in the USA[3]; these are probably the most widely adopted guidelines world wide.The UNIPEDE guidelines will only address fossil fuelled power plants. The action level approach adopted covers chemical control parameters from normal acceptable operation, through minor perturbations, to more serious deviations and ultimately plant shut down. Control parameters are chosen as those which are directly influenceable by operator intervention.1.2 Review of Current Practice of UNIPEDE MembersGuidelines from several countries/utilities have been collected together and compared. Only the most significant chemical parameters for feed-water, boiler water, and steam have been considered, and although a few UNIPEDE members already use the action level approach, the normal operating values in individual guidelines have been found to be quite similar (see Appendix 1). It has therefore proved feasible to propose action levels which are broadly applicable across UNIPEDE members.Data from the inquiry relate to high pressure plants, including both once through and drum type boilers. The following operational regimes are covered:- All volatile treatment, AVT, - reducing regimes in which pH is controlled with ammonia and an oxygen scavenger (usually hydrazine) may be added.- Combined water treatment, CWT, or oxygenated treatment, OT, - ammonia under slightly oxidising conditions usually achieved by oxygen dosing with very restrictive limits on acid conductivity.(In these guidelines the acronym OT will be used.)
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Integritas sirkuit air / uap dari pembangkit listrik termo-listrik sangat tergantung pada isu-isu kimia untuk memastikan menghindari kerusakan korosi yang berlebihan dan deposisi. Konsekuensi kimia yang tidak pantas dapat kerusakan tanaman ireversibel parah memerlukan perbaikan yang luas dan tindakan perbaikan. Dengan demikian telah terjadi pengembangan luas, umumnya di negara oleh negara dan dalam beberapa kasus pada sebuah perusahaan dengan dasar perusahaan, pedoman untuk kimia fosil pembangkit. Diskusi hal ini pada seminar (pada pertemuan Israel dari THERCHIM, Kelompok pertemuan ahli pada tahun 1995) menunjukkan konvergensi pedoman nasional dibandingkan dengan penyelidikan sebelumnya [1] pada tahun 1970. Karena perbedaan standar nasional pada waktu itu, bersama pedoman UNIPEDE tidak bisa disiapkan. Perjanjian saat ini antara negara termotivasi pembentukan Kelompok Kerja untuk penyusunan pedoman UNIPEDE untuk kontrol kimia sirkuit uap air. Ini termasuk pembentukan pedoman untuk optimalisasi integritas tanaman dan ketersediaan ketika beroperasi untuk jangka waktu di luar rentang spesifikasi normal. Pendekatan yang digunakan telah untuk mencakup semua pedoman rujukan nasional dan perusahaan untuk kontrol kimia pembangkit besar yang tersedia dari utilitas terwakili dalam UNIPEDE. Pedoman ini telah dikembangkan dan ditetapkan dengan mempertimbangkan baik pengalaman operasional dan rekomendasi pemasok tanaman. Konsep tingkat tindakan untuk parameter kontrol kimia penting telah diadopsi, dan prosedur untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut dari penggunaan ini dalam hal tanaman Penilaian seumur hidup disarankan. Dalam beberapa tingkat nasional dan pedoman perusahaan tindakan sudah diidentifikasi untuk beberapa parameter untuk keluar dari spesifikasi pengoperasian air, sirkuit uap. Ini ditetapkan, dalam arti luas, batas waktu untuk operasi dari spesifikasi. Secara umum pendekatan tingkat tindakan tidak didukung oleh pemasok tanaman yang cenderung untuk menentukan parameter operasi normal saja. Di Eropa rekomendasi VGB [2], yang berlaku untuk tanaman industri di samping sistem tenaga membawa otoritas internasional. Konsep tingkat tindakan juga telah diadopsi oleh Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI) di Amerika Serikat [3]; ini mungkin pedoman dunia yang paling banyak diadopsi lebar. Pedoman UNIPEDE hanya akan membahas fosil pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar. Pendekatan tingkat tindakan diadopsi meliputi parameter kontrol kimia dari operasi diterima normal, melalui gangguan kecil, penyimpangan yang lebih serius dan akhirnya tanaman ditutup. Parameter kontrol yang terpilih sebagai orang yang secara langsung influenceable oleh intervensi operator. 1.2 Ulasan Praktek Saat UNIPEDE Anggota Pedoman dari beberapa negara / utilitas telah dikumpulkan bersama-sama dan dibandingkan. Hanya parameter kimia yang paling signifikan untuk pakan-air, air boiler, dan uap telah dipertimbangkan, dan meskipun anggota UNIPEDE beberapa sudah menggunakan pendekatan tingkat tindakan, nilai-nilai operasi normal pada pedoman individu telah ditemukan untuk menjadi sangat mirip (lihat Lampiran 1). Oleh karena itu telah terbukti layak untuk mengusulkan tingkat tindakan yang luas berlaku di seluruh anggota UNIPEDE. Data dari penyelidikan berhubungan dengan tanaman tekanan tinggi, termasuk baik sekali melalui dan jenis Drum boiler. Rezim operasional berikut tertutup: - Semua perawatan yang mudah menguap, AVT, - mengurangi rezim di mana pH dikendalikan dengan amonia dan scavenger oksigen (biasanya hidrazin) dapat ditambahkan. - pengolahan air Gabungan, CWT, atau oksigen pengobatan, OT, - amonia dalam kondisi sedikit pengoksidasi biasanya dicapai dengan dosis oksigen dengan batas yang sangat ketat pada konduktivitas asam. (Dalam panduan ini singkatan PL akan digunakan.)




















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