If so, then what is the source of this sustained beta cellprovision?A  terjemahan - If so, then what is the source of this sustained beta cellprovision?A  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

If so, then what is the source of t

If so, then what is the source of this sustained beta cell
provision?
A number of potential sources have been proposed.
These have been recently reviewed in an elegant study by
Dor and colleagues, who convincingly demonstrated that
expansion of beta cell number in adult mice is accomplished through replication of existing beta cells, and that
any provision of puripotential stem cells is negligible [26].
However, in contrast to mice, where beta cell replication
appears to be an important mechanisms for beta cell expansion even during adult life [27, 28], we were unable to
demonstrate high rates of replication of existing beta cells
in the pancreases of diabetic or non-diabetic human subjects (Fig. 6), consistent with prior reports of studies on
human pancreas [3, 15, 29]. It is possible that the beta cells
were committed to replication in type 1 diabetes but, given
the increased vulnerability of replicating beta cells to
apoptosis, underwent apoptosis instead [30]. Transdifferentiation of acinar cells is another proposed explanation
[31]. In the present experiments we observed occasional
single beta cells scattered in acinar tissue in pancreases of
type 1 diabetes patients and non-diabetic control subjects.
However, if this were a significant source of new beta cells,
one would expect replication rates to be increased within
these scattered single cells, and this was not observed.
Alternatively, new islets could originate from ductal precursor cells in a manner comparable to the prenatal origin
of islets [32]. Although Dor and colleagues ruled out this
mechanism in mice [26], it could conceivably occur in
humans.
A limitation of the present study is that we can only
provide indirect evidence for islet regeneration by showing
increased beta cell apoptosis in subjects with long-standing
type 1 diabetes. Beta cell replication appears to be rare in
adult humans and, as discussed, the origin of new beta cells
in humans is controversial, complicated by the fact that
lineage tracing studies are not feasible in humans. Therefore, in humans, indirect strategies, such as those used here,
are required to explore beta cell regeneration.
It has previously been reported that the pancreas of
people with type 1 diabetes is characterised by increased
fibrosis, small size and impaired exocrine function [3, 7, 8,
33, 34]. This has led to speculation that this might be due to
a separate autoimmune process affecting the exocrine pancreas [35]. Alternatively, it has been proposed that loss of
the trophic effect of insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes
may lead to acinar cell atrophy [7, 36]. However, we noted
in the present studies that this fibrosis predominantly surrounds exocrine ducts. Thus, it is possible that this fibrosis
may be secondary to a chronic periductal inflammation
arising from newly supplied beta cells subject to autoimmune-mediated destruction. This would also be consistent
with the presence of macrophages and T lymphocytes in
islets adjacent to exocrine ducts, suggesting that the source
of new beta cells is proximal to the ducts.
In summary, the present studies demonstrate that beta
cells are present in the majority of people with type 1 diabetes, irrespective of the duration of diabetes or age of
death. Furthermore, we report that beta cell apoptosis is ongoing and increased in type 1 diabetes, indicating that
there is a continued source of beta cell replenishment in
these people. The source of this supply remains unknown,
but its existence has immediate clinical implications. If the
increased frequency of beta cell apoptosis in type 1 diabetes could be overcome, at least some regeneration of
beta cell mass and return of function might be accomplished. Of note, the possibility of beta cell regeneration in
people with type 1 diabetes was proposed as early as 1925
by Warren and Root [1]

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If so, then what is the source of this sustained beta cellprovision?A number of potential sources have been proposed.These have been recently reviewed in an elegant study byDor and colleagues, who convincingly demonstrated thatexpansion of beta cell number in adult mice is accomplished through replication of existing beta cells, and thatany provision of puripotential stem cells is negligible [26].However, in contrast to mice, where beta cell replicationappears to be an important mechanisms for beta cell expansion even during adult life [27, 28], we were unable todemonstrate high rates of replication of existing beta cellsin the pancreases of diabetic or non-diabetic human subjects (Fig. 6), consistent with prior reports of studies onhuman pancreas [3, 15, 29]. It is possible that the beta cellswere committed to replication in type 1 diabetes but, giventhe increased vulnerability of replicating beta cells toapoptosis, underwent apoptosis instead [30]. Transdifferentiation of acinar cells is another proposed explanation[31]. In the present experiments we observed occasionalsingle beta cells scattered in acinar tissue in pancreases oftype 1 diabetes patients and non-diabetic control subjects.However, if this were a significant source of new beta cells,one would expect replication rates to be increased withinthese scattered single cells, and this was not observed.Alternatively, new islets could originate from ductal precursor cells in a manner comparable to the prenatal originof islets [32]. Although Dor and colleagues ruled out thismechanism in mice [26], it could conceivably occur inhumans.A limitation of the present study is that we can onlyprovide indirect evidence for islet regeneration by showingincreased beta cell apoptosis in subjects with long-standingtype 1 diabetes. Beta cell replication appears to be rare inadult humans and, as discussed, the origin of new beta cellsin humans is controversial, complicated by the fact thatlineage tracing studies are not feasible in humans. Therefore, in humans, indirect strategies, such as those used here,are required to explore beta cell regeneration.It has previously been reported that the pancreas ofpeople with type 1 diabetes is characterised by increasedfibrosis, small size and impaired exocrine function [3, 7, 8,33, 34]. This has led to speculation that this might be due toa separate autoimmune process affecting the exocrine pancreas [35]. Alternatively, it has been proposed that loss ofthe trophic effect of insulin in patients with type 1 diabetesmay lead to acinar cell atrophy [7, 36]. However, we notedin the present studies that this fibrosis predominantly surrounds exocrine ducts. Thus, it is possible that this fibrosismay be secondary to a chronic periductal inflammationarising from newly supplied beta cells subject to autoimmune-mediated destruction. This would also be consistentwith the presence of macrophages and T lymphocytes inislets adjacent to exocrine ducts, suggesting that the sourceof new beta cells is proximal to the ducts.In summary, the present studies demonstrate that betacells are present in the majority of people with type 1 diabetes, irrespective of the duration of diabetes or age ofdeath. Furthermore, we report that beta cell apoptosis is ongoing and increased in type 1 diabetes, indicating thatthere is a continued source of beta cell replenishment inthese people. The source of this supply remains unknown,but its existence has immediate clinical implications. If theincreased frequency of beta cell apoptosis in type 1 diabetes could be overcome, at least some regeneration ofbeta cell mass and return of function might be accomplished. Of note, the possibility of beta cell regeneration inpeople with type 1 diabetes was proposed as early as 1925by Warren and Root [1]
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Jika demikian, maka apa yang menjadi sumber sel beta berkelanjutan ini
penyediaan?
Sejumlah sumber potensial telah diusulkan.
Ini telah baru-baru ini ditinjau dalam studi elegan oleh
Dor dan rekan, yang meyakinkan menunjukkan bahwa
perluasan jumlah sel beta pada tikus dewasa dicapai melalui replikasi sel beta yang ada, dan bahwa
ketentuan sel-sel induk puripotential diabaikan [26].
Namun, berbeda dengan tikus, di mana replikasi sel beta
tampaknya menjadi mekanisme penting untuk ekspansi sel beta bahkan selama masa dewasa [27 , 28], kami tidak dapat
menunjukkan tingginya tingkat replikasi sel beta yang ada
di pankreas dari subyek manusia diabetes atau non-diabetes (Gbr. 6), konsisten dengan laporan sebelumnya dari studi tentang
pankreas manusia [3, 15, 29] . Ada kemungkinan bahwa sel-sel beta
yang berkomitmen untuk replikasi pada diabetes tipe 1, tetapi mengingat
peningkatan kerentanan mereplikasi sel beta untuk
apoptosis, menjalani apoptosis bukan [30]. Transdifferentiation sel asinar penjelasan lain yang diusulkan
[31]. Dalam percobaan ini kami mengamati sesekali
sel beta tunggal tersebar di jaringan asinar di pankreas dari
pasien diabetes tipe 1 dan subyek kontrol non-diabetes.
Namun, jika ini adalah sumber penting dari sel beta baru,
orang akan berharap tarif replikasi ditingkatkan dalam
ini tersebar sel tunggal, dan ini tidak diamati.
Atau, pulau baru bisa berasal dari sel-sel prekursor duktus dengan cara yang sebanding dengan asal pralahir
dari pulau [32]. Meskipun Dor dan rekan dikesampingkan ini
mekanisme pada tikus [26], itu dibayangkan bisa terjadi pada
manusia.
Keterbatasan penelitian ini adalah bahwa kita hanya dapat
memberikan bukti tidak langsung untuk pulau regenerasi dengan menunjukkan
peningkatan apoptosis sel beta pada subyek dengan lama
diabetes tipe 1. Replikasi sel beta tampaknya langka di
manusia dewasa dan, seperti yang dibahas, asal sel beta baru
pada manusia adalah kontroversial, rumit oleh fakta bahwa
studi keturunan melacak tidak layak pada manusia. Oleh karena itu, pada manusia, strategi tidak langsung, seperti yang digunakan di sini,
diwajibkan untuk mengeksplorasi regenerasi sel beta.
Hal ini sebelumnya telah melaporkan bahwa pankreas
penderita diabetes tipe 1 ditandai dengan peningkatan
fibrosis, ukuran kecil dan gangguan fungsi eksokrin [3 , 7, 8,
33, 34]. Hal ini menimbulkan spekulasi bahwa ini mungkin disebabkan karena
proses autoimun terpisah mempengaruhi eksokrin pankreas [35]. Atau, telah diusulkan bahwa hilangnya
pengaruh trofik insulin pada pasien dengan diabetes tipe 1
dapat menyebabkan sel asinar atrofi [7, 36]. Namun, kami mencatat
dalam studi ini bahwa fibrosis ini didominasi mengelilingi saluran eksokrin. Dengan demikian, ada kemungkinan bahwa fibrosis ini
mungkin sekunder untuk peradangan kronis periductal
timbul dari sel-sel beta yang baru disediakan tunduk kerusakan autoimun yang dimediasi. Ini juga akan konsisten
dengan kehadiran makrofag dan limfosit T di
pulau yang berdekatan dengan saluran eksokrin, menunjukkan bahwa sumber
dari sel beta baru proksimal duktus.
Singkatnya, studi ini menunjukkan bahwa beta
sel yang hadir di sebagian besar orang dengan diabetes tipe 1, terlepas dari durasi diabetes atau usia
kematian. Selain itu, kami melaporkan bahwa apoptosis sel beta sedang berlangsung dan meningkat pada diabetes tipe 1, yang menunjukkan bahwa
ada sumber lanjutan dari pengisian sel beta di
orang-orang ini. Sumber pasokan ini masih belum diketahui,
namun keberadaannya memiliki implikasi klinis langsung. Jika
peningkatan frekuensi apoptosis sel beta pada diabetes tipe 1 bisa diatasi, setidaknya beberapa regenerasi
massa sel beta dan pengembalian fungsi mungkin dicapai. Dari catatan, kemungkinan regenerasi sel beta di
orang dengan diabetes tipe 1 yang diusulkan pada awal 1925
oleh Warren and Root [1]

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