Induction of Detoxication—The Electrophile Response, Part 1Adaptive in terjemahan - Induction of Detoxication—The Electrophile Response, Part 1Adaptive in Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Induction of Detoxication—The Elect

Induction of Detoxication—The Electrophile Response, Part 1
Adaptive increases in detoxication (i.e., elimination of xenobiotics,
their reactive metabolites, harmful endobiotics, or ROS and RNS
by biotransformation) and cellular export have a major role in limiting toxicity. Such adaptation is typically induced by compounds
with thiol reactivity (i.e., soft electrophiles, oxidants and those generating oxidative stress), which are sensed by the cytosolic Keap1-
Nrf2 protein complex. The response is initiated by the transcription factor Nrf2, which activates genes with electrophile-response
element (EpRE) in their regulatory region (Fig. 3-23; DinkovaKostova et al., 2005). Normally Nrf2 is retained in the cytoplasm by
Keap1, a homodimeric protein with ubiquitin ligase activity. Keap1
keeps Nrf2 inactive and at low intracellular levels by targeting it
for proteosomal degradation by ubiquitination. Upon disruption of
the Keap1-Nrf2 complex, the active Nrf2 escapes rapid degradation
and accumulates in the cell. Electrophiles, such as quinones (e.g.,
t-butylquinone), qinoneimines (e.g., derived from acetaminophen),
quinone methides (e.g., metabolite of butylated hydroxytoluene),
α, β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones (e.g., the lipid peroxidation products 4-oxonon-2-enal, 4-hydroxynon-2-enal and 15-
A2t-isoprostane), isothiocyanates (e.g., α-naphthylisothiocyanate),
thiol-reactive metal ions (e.g., Cd2+), and trivalent arsenicals, as
well as direct and indirect oxidants (e.g., HOOH, diquat, quinones)
may attack Keap1 at its reactive cysteine thiol groups by binding to
them covalently or oxidizing them, thereby forcing Keap1 to release
Nrf2. Alternatively, Nrf2 release may be induced via phosphorylation of Keap1 by kinases, such as PKC and those in the MAPK and
the PI3K-Akt signaling pathways (Fig. 3-11) that may be turned
on by chemical stresses (Jaiswal, 2004). After being released from
Keap1, Nrf2 translocates into the nucleus, forms a heterodimer with
small Maf proteins, and activates genes through binding to EpREs.
There are many genes with EpRE motifs that encode proteins
known to be important in detoxication and export (Fig. 3-23). These
include genes that code for (1) enzymes that detoxify xenobiotics
(e.g., NQO1, NQO2, AR, GST, UGT), (2) enzymes that eliminate O• 2 ¯
and HOOH (e.g., SOD1, GPX2, catalase), (3) proteins that detoxify
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Induction of Detoxication—The Electrophile Response, Part 1Adaptive increases in detoxication (i.e., elimination of xenobiotics,their reactive metabolites, harmful endobiotics, or ROS and RNSby biotransformation) and cellular export have a major role in limiting toxicity. Such adaptation is typically induced by compoundswith thiol reactivity (i.e., soft electrophiles, oxidants and those generating oxidative stress), which are sensed by the cytosolic Keap1-Nrf2 protein complex. The response is initiated by the transcription factor Nrf2, which activates genes with electrophile-responseelement (EpRE) in their regulatory region (Fig. 3-23; DinkovaKostova et al., 2005). Normally Nrf2 is retained in the cytoplasm byKeap1, a homodimeric protein with ubiquitin ligase activity. Keap1keeps Nrf2 inactive and at low intracellular levels by targeting itfor proteosomal degradation by ubiquitination. Upon disruption ofthe Keap1-Nrf2 complex, the active Nrf2 escapes rapid degradationand accumulates in the cell. Electrophiles, such as quinones (e.g.,t-butylquinone), qinoneimines (e.g., derived from acetaminophen),quinone methides (e.g., metabolite of butylated hydroxytoluene),α, β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones (e.g., the lipid peroxidation products 4-oxonon-2-enal, 4-hydroxynon-2-enal and 15-A2t-isoprostane), isothiocyanates (e.g., α-naphthylisothiocyanate),thiol-reactive metal ions (e.g., Cd2+), and trivalent arsenicals, aswell as direct and indirect oxidants (e.g., HOOH, diquat, quinones)may attack Keap1 at its reactive cysteine thiol groups by binding tothem covalently or oxidizing them, thereby forcing Keap1 to releaseNrf2. Alternatively, Nrf2 release may be induced via phosphorylation of Keap1 by kinases, such as PKC and those in the MAPK andthe PI3K-Akt signaling pathways (Fig. 3-11) that may be turnedon by chemical stresses (Jaiswal, 2004). After being released fromKeap1, Nrf2 translocates into the nucleus, forms a heterodimer withsmall Maf proteins, and activates genes through binding to EpREs.There are many genes with EpRE motifs that encode proteinsknown to be important in detoxication and export (Fig. 3-23). Theseinclude genes that code for (1) enzymes that detoxify xenobiotics(e.g., NQO1, NQO2, AR, GST, UGT), (2) enzymes that eliminate O• 2 ¯and HOOH (e.g., SOD1, GPX2, catalase), (3) proteins that detoxify
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Induksi detoxication-The elektrofil Response, Bagian 1
Adaptive peningkatan detoxication (yaitu, penghapusan xenobiotik,
metabolit reaktif mereka, endobiotics berbahaya, atau ROS dan RNS
oleh biotransformasi) dan ekspor selular memiliki peran utama dalam membatasi toksisitas. Adaptasi seperti biasanya disebabkan oleh senyawa
dengan reaktivitas thiol (yaitu, lembut elektrofil, oksidan dan mereka menghasilkan stres oksidatif), yang dirasakan oleh Keap1- sitosol
kompleks protein Nrf2. Tanggapan ini diprakarsai oleh faktor transkripsi Nrf2, yang mengaktifkan gen dengan elektrofil-respon
elemen (EpRE) di wilayah peraturan mereka (Gambar 3-23;. DinkovaKostova et al., 2005). Biasanya Nrf2 dipertahankan dalam sitoplasma oleh
Keap1, protein homodimeric dengan aktivitas ligase ubiquitin. Keap1
terus Nrf2 tidak aktif dan pada tingkat intraseluler rendah dengan menargetkan itu
untuk degradasi proteosomal oleh ubiquitination. Setelah gangguan
kompleks Keap1-Nrf2, aktif Nrf2 lolos degradasi cepat
dan terakumulasi dalam sel. Elektrofil, seperti kuinon (misalnya,
t-butylquinone), qinoneimines (misalnya, berasal dari acetaminophen),
methides kuinon (misalnya, metabolit hidroksitoluen butylated),
α, β-unsaturated aldehid dan keton (misalnya, produk peroksidasi lipid 4- oxonon-2-Enal, 4-hydroxynon-2-Enal dan 15-
A2T-isoprostan), isothiocyanates (misalnya, α-naphthylisothiocyanate),
ion tiol-reaktif logam (misalnya, Cd2 +), dan arsenicals trivalen, seperti
juga langsung dan oksidan tidak langsung (misalnya, HOOH, Diquat, kuinon)
dapat menyerang Keap1 di kelompok sistein thiol reaktif dengan mengikat
mereka kovalen atau mengoksidasi mereka, sehingga memaksa Keap1 untuk melepaskan
Nrf2. Atau, Nrf2 rilis dapat dirangsang melalui fosforilasi Keap1 oleh kinase, seperti PKC dan orang-orang di MAPK dan
jalur signaling PI3K-Akt (Gambar. 3-11) yang dapat diaktifkan
oleh tekanan kimia (Jaiswal, 2004). Setelah dibebaskan dari
Keap1, Nrf2 translocates ke dalam inti, membentuk heterodimer dengan
protein Maf kecil, dan mengaktifkan gen melalui mengikat EpREs.
Ada banyak gen dengan motif EpRE yang mengkode protein
diketahui penting dalam detoxication dan ekspor (Gambar. 3 -23). Ini
termasuk gen yang kode untuk (1) enzim yang mendetoksifikasi xenobiotik
(misalnya, NQO1, NQO2, AR, GST, UGT), (2) enzim yang menghilangkan O • 2 ¯
dan HOOH (misalnya, defisiensi SOD-1, GPX2, katalase), ( 3) protein yang detoksifikasi
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