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(c) Atomic and molecular spectraThe most compelling and direct evidence for the quantization of energy comes from spectroscopy, the detection and analysis of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed, emitted, or scattered by a substance. The record of light intensity transmitted or scattered by a molecule as a function of frequency (ν), wavelength (λ), or wavenumber (# = ν/c) is called its spectrum (from the Latin word for appearance).A typical atomic spectrum is shown in Fig. 7.10, and a typical molecular spectrum is shown in Fig. 7.11. The obvious feature of both is that radiation is emitted or absorbed at a series of discrete frequencies. This observation can be understood if the energy of the atoms or molecules is also confined to discrete values, for then energy can be discarded or absorbed only in discrete amounts (Fig. 7.12). Then, if the energy of an atom decreases by ΔE, the energy is carried away as radiation offrequency ν, and an emission ‘line’, a sharply defined peak, appears in the spectrum. We say that a molecule undergoes a spectroscopic transition, a change of state, when the Bohr frequency condition
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